Capillary Electrophoresis Assessment of Plasma Protein Changes in an African Penguin (<i>Spheniscus demersus</i>) With Aspergillosis

Valdivia, Anddre Osmar; Ortega, Kristen Jasmin; Bhattacharya, Sanjoy K.; Cray, Carolyn

doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c04983

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…109 Serum amyloid A was identified as a major APP in the falcon, and hemoglobin binding protein levels were identified in the flamingo. 58,63,88 Mass spectrometry analysis revealed several changes in APPs and lipoproteins in an African penguin with confirmed aspergillosis 110 ; changes in fibrinogen beta chain levels were observed.…”

Section: Avian S Pecie Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein electrophoresis of non‐traditional species: A review

Cray

2021

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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EPH can provide information regarding serum or plasma proteins, including albumin and globulins, that can be broadly classified based on their migration. The globulin fractions can reveal inflammation as well as polyclonal and monoclonal gammopathies. Detection of the latter, also named paraproteins, is one of the most common applications of EPH in human medicine as clinicians have a large toolbox of specific assays for various acute-phase proteins (APPs) that allow them to more specifically gauge inflammation. 1,2 In veterinary medicine, given the advances in species-specific and cross-reactive reagents for major APP in traditional species, including dogs, cats, and horses, these tools can complement the use of EPH in its valid quantitation of albumin and detection of paraproteinemia. [3][4][5][6][7][8] In non-traditional species, including birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians, invertebrates, small exotic mammals, and non-domesticated mammals, EPH can also be used as an aid to the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disease, but its primary use is in the detection of inflammation and polyclonal gammopathies. For many of these species, reagents are not yet available or widely validated to quantitate APPs. The valid quantitation of albumin, a key negative APP, by biochemistry analyzer methods, remains a major issue. Moreover, in non-mammalian species, as innate immunity is perhaps the essential, diverse, and robust immune response, EPH can provide even more value. 9,10 Challenges in the applications of EPH in these special species include a lack of standardization of fraction delimiter placements, RIs, and information regarding fraction composition. This paper reviews the applications of EPH in non-traditional species as well as the currently available methodology. Additional reviews on this subject with a varied focus are also available. [11][12][13][14][15] | APPLI C ATI ON S OF EPH IN NON -TR ADITIONAL S PECIE S | Detection of monoclonal gammopathyAs described in mammals, EPH is a key tool in the detection of paraproteins. 2,3 This application has also been demonstrated in nontraditional species. 16,17 In electrophoretograms of avian plasma,

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Section: Avian S Pecie Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein electrophoresis of non‐traditional species: A review

Cray

2021

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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“…Ante-mortem diagnosis remains difficult, and a multi-tools analysis is required (2,16,77). Plasma electrophoresis offers valuable data in infected penguins (51,(78)(79)(80) especially the b globulin fraction containing the fibrinogen (53, 77, 80-82), and 3-OHB levels (83). For these reasons, capillary zone electrophoresis assay and measurement of 3-OHB levels were added to the diagnostic panel in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of an Oral Probiotic-Based Vaccine Against Aspergillus Infection in Captive-Bred Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti)

et al. 2022

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Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused mainly by Aspergillus fumigatus that often results in respiratory disease in birds. Aspergillosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in captive-bred penguin species. Currently, there is no registered vaccine to prevent aspergillosis. Recent research demonstrated that oral administration of gram-negative bacteria expressing high levels of galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) modulates anti-α-Gal immunity and protects turkeys from clinical aspergillosis caused by experimental A. fumigatus infection. The role of anti-α-Gal immunity in penguins has not been studied. Here, we tested the distribution of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) genes in the fecal microbiome of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). The occurrence of natural anti-α-Gal antibodies (Abs) in sera and eggs of healthy Humboldt penguins was also assessed. A trial was then conducted to test whether oral administration of Escherichia coli Nissle, expressing high α-Gal levels, modulates anti-α-Gal immunity in a colony of Humboldt penguins. Animals in the vaccination and placebo groups were evaluated before the trial and followed for one year for aspergillosis detection using a diagnostic panel including computed tomography scans, capillary zone electrophoresis, 3-hydroxybutyrate levels, and anti-A. fumigatus Abs. Anti-α-Gal Abs were detected in sera (IgM and IgY) and eggs (IgY) of healthy penguins. Microbiota analysis and functional predictions revealed the presence of α1,3GT genes in the microbiota of Humboldt penguins and other penguin species. A strong decrease in anti-α-Gal IgM levels was observed in all animals in the placebo group three months after vaccination protocol. This decrease was not observed in E. coli Nissle-treated penguins. After the vaccination protocol, we found a positive correlation between anti-E. coli IgY and anti-α-Gal IgY in the E. coli Nissle group, suggesting a correlation between the presence of the bacteria and these Abs. During the study period, three penguins exhibited respiratory signs consistent with aspergillosis. Two were from the placebo group whose symptoms resolved with specific treatments, while a single vaccinated individual developed fatal respiratory aspergillosis eight months after the trial. We conclude that E. coli Nissle represents a safe potential probiotic with a protective effect against aspergillosis in Humboldt penguins that deserves to be further explored for therapeutic uses in these animals.

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“…The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), albumin-to-globulin ratio (A/G), Aspergillus antigens, and Aspergillus antibodies were measured. Based on previous reports, penguins with any of the following criteria were selected for this study: AST ≥400 IU, CK ≥900 IU [ 8 ], A/G ratio ≤0.8 [ 12 , 15 ], Aspergillus antigen (galactomannan index) ≥0.5 [ 6 ], or Aspergillus antibody titer determined by a complement fixation test (the highest dilution of serum) ≥1:16 in penguins suspected to have aspergillosis [ 9 ]. Penguins with abnormal blood parameters underwent CT.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the air sac volume of penguins with respiratory diseases using computed tomography

Matsumoto

SAWAYAMA²,

Itoh

et al. 2022

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Captive penguins with respiratory diseases exhibit advanced pathological conditions upon the appearance of clinical signs. Therefore, the successful treatment of respiratory diseases remains difficult after the onset of clinical signs, leading to high mortality rates. In this study, we measured air sac volume using computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the respiratory condition of penguins. In a regular quarterly health checkup, blood samples were collected from 45 penguins housed at an aquarium in Hokkaido, Japan. A total of 12 penguins with abnormal blood parameters underwent CT. The air sac volumes were calculated in three-dimensional CT, and the scatter plots of the air sac volumes and body weights were analyzed. No correlation was found between the air sac volume and body weight in both the gentoo and king penguins. Two gentoo penguins with infiltration and one king penguin with multiple nodules on CT were tentatively diagnosed with aspergillosis and treated with oral administration of itraconazole. Follow-up CT examination was performed until the outcome: healed or died. The mean air sac volumes of the two gentoo penguins, which recovered after treatment, increased from 273.9 and 329.0 cm 3 before healing to 449.0 and 424.6 cm 3 after healing, respectively. Meanwhile, the air sac volume of the king penguin, which subsequently died, decreased from 1,556.9 to 920.6 cm 3 despite treatment. Changes of the air sac volume in the same individual could be useful for evaluating the respiratory condition of penguins.

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Capillary Electrophoresis Assessment of Plasma Protein Changes in an African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) With Aspergillosis

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Protein electrophoresis of non‐traditional species: A review

Protein electrophoresis of non‐traditional species: A review

Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of an Oral Probiotic-Based Vaccine Against Aspergillus Infection in Captive-Bred Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti)

Evaluation of the air sac volume of penguins with respiratory diseases using computed tomography

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