Capillary and Venous Leukocyte Adhesiveness/Aggregation to Differentiate between Viral and Bacterial Infection

Abstract

The CAPLAAT might be attractive for the detection of inflammation and for the assessment of its severity at points of care where the services of a clinical laboratory are not available around the clock.

CRP/CD11b ratio: a novel parameter for detecting gram-positive sepsis

“…The most probable is fibrinogen, another acute phase protein with a circulating plasma level that, similar to CRP, can increase two-to fourfold upon inflammatory stimuli, especially bacterial infection [9,17]. A distinct metal ion-dependent adhesion site of the I-domain of ␣ M -subunit (CD11b) of ␣ M ␤ 2 -integrin (CD11b/CD18) has been implicated in the binding of fibrinogen, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, complement component C3bi, Candida albicans, and neutrophil inhibitory factor, to CD11b [18 -21].…”

Leukocyte Aggregation-Related Pseudoleukopenia in Pediatrics

“…24 It correlates significantly with markers of the acute phase response including fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the concentration of C-reactive protein. 25 It probably results from the presence of bridging molecules like fibrinogen 26 and has been shown to be as accurate as and even superior to the white blood cell count itself. 27 A recent automated and 3-dimensional analysis version of the system will enable the clinician to obtain the results of the slide analysis within a couple of minutes at the point of 28 This approach might be relevant in cases of suspected pseudoleukopenia, especially after it was shown in this study that this phenomenon is much more common in bacterial infection.…”

Association of leukergy (in vitro leukocyte aggregation) with systemic inflammation in dogs and cats (2017–2022)

“…Some specific examples of the use of the LAAT in the human literature show it particularly useful in identifying septic arthritis or osteomyelitis, demonstrating both clinical severity of infection as well as reactivation of the septic process better compared to ESR, WBC concentration, or blood culture 12 . A potential alternative to the manual examination of slides, a version of the LAAT using automated image analysis software has been shown to discriminate between bacterial and viral infection in children with a positive predictive value of 94% and specificity of 95%, outperforming other standard biomarkers of inflammation 13 . Remarkably, the presence of leukergy can even be used to discriminate between major and milder acute mental stress in human patients anxious about venipuncture versus general anesthesia and surgery 14 .…”

“…12 A potential alternative to the manual examination of slides, a version of the LAAT using automated image analysis software has been shown to discriminate between bacterial and viral infection in children with a positive predictive value of 94% and specificity of 95%, outperforming other standard biomarkers of inflammation. 13 Remarkably, the presence of leukergy can even be used to discriminate between major and milder acute mental stress in human patients anxious about venipuncture versus general anesthesia and surgery. 14 Although the LAAT is not a standard test in most F I G U R E 1 Photomicrographs of blood films from animals with leukergy (leukocyte aggregates).…”