Capacity Impacts and Optimal Geometry of Automated Cars’ Surface Parking Facilities

Abstract

The impact of Automated Vehicles (AVs) on urban geography has been widely speculated, though there is little quantitative evidence in the literature to establish the magnitude of such effects. To quantify the impact of the greater precision of automated driving on the spatial efficiency of off-street parking facilities, we develop a mixed integer nonlinear model (solved via a branch-and-cut approach) and present comparisons against industry-standard requirements for human-driving operation. We demonstrate that gains on the order of 40-50% in spatial efficiency (parking spaces per unit area) are in principle achievable while ensuring that each parked vehicle is independently accessible. We further show that the large majority of these efficiency gains can be obtained under current automotive engineering practice in which only the front two wheels pivot. There is a need for standardized methods that take the parking supply of a city as an input and calculate both the aggregate (citywide) efficiency impacts of automated driving and the spatial distribution of the effects. This study is intended as an initial step towards this objective.

Coordinated management and control of autonomous traffic systems

“…Kong等人研究了自动驾驶汽车泊车区车位的几何优 化 [43] , 以及自动驾驶泊车与上下客活动对平面停车场的 布局优化 [44] . Nourinejad等人 [45] 和Timpner等人 [ [49] 导航场景下, 将纯自动驾驶控制方式与 铁路系统的"集中调度"方式 [50] 类比, 把自动车辆行驶 车道作为虚拟的列车轨道看待(图1).…”

Optimal Design of Transportation Networks with Automated Vehicle Links and Congestion Pricing

“…Some researchers have considered the use of infrastructure adaption planning for AVs to reduce traffic congestion and improve traveler safety [21,22,35]. However, these works offered no integrated methods for solving traffic congestion.…”

Optimal storage and loading zones within surface parking facilities for privately owned automated vehicles

“…Several recent studies (Nourinejad et al [19], Timpner et al [20], Estepa et al [21], and Kong et al [22]) have evaluated the impacts of AVs' enhanced manoeuvrability relative to human drivers. Nourinejad et al [19] and Timpner et al [20] investigate scenarios with AVs manoeuvering with no occupants such that vehicles can be parked to block other vehicles and then be moved as necessary to allow blocked vehicles to exit.…”

“…Estepa and colleagues [21] analyse the special case of storing AVs in parallelparked 'double-parking' locations alongside rows of 90° parking spaces whose occupying vehicles would also be blocked in. Kong et al [22] assumed that each AV must be independently accessible (hence cannot be blocked by other parked AVs), and evaluated the impacts of AVs' precise physical manoeuvering on the spatial efficiency (unit area per parking space) of surface parking facilities.…”