“…Although the average valence state of Mn is 3.3+, the normalized mole fractions for Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , and Mn 4+ are 11.7 %, 39.1 %, and 49.2 %, respectively analyzed by the fitted peak in Mn 2p. Other remaining peaks at 644.8 eV, 648.2 eV, and 655.3 eV were assigned to satellite peaks [34–37] . In deconvoluted O 1s spectra, three distinct oxygen bonds, sequentially Mn−O−Mn, Mn−O−H, and H−O−H bonds, were observed at the characteristic energies of 529.4 eV, 531.1 eV, and 532.5 eV, as shown in Figure 3c [38] …”