Canopy Dynamics of Eucalyptus Maculata Hook. I. Distribution and Dynamics of Leaf Populations

Abstract

The canopy dynamics of a regenerated 16-year-old stand of pole and sapling E. maculata were studied for 2½ years by repetitive non-destructive measurements in tree crowns accessed from a 20 m high scaffold tower. Average canopy leaf area density over a sample plot of 36 m2 was 0.23 m2 m-3 at a leaf area index of 4.3. Some 75% of leaf area was held in the canopies of overstorey eucalypts above 10 m in height. Average size of leaves increased gradually from top to bottom of tree canopies. Foliage production was usually concentrated in the upper crowns of trees where there was a higher proportion of active shoots, more frequent growth flushes and more rapid turnover of leaves than in lower canopy layers. Leaf area in the upper canopy fluctuated widely but increased in the long term, in mid canopy was more or less maintained and in lowest canopy declined. Crops of developing flower buds present on uppermost branches delayed and/or reduced shoot growth. Foliage production occurred in all months of the year. There was a unimodal annual rhythm of growth rate reaching a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter. Variable water supply, however, influenced production to peak in spring, summer or autumn. No shoot growth occurs in E. maculata at Kioloa when daily mean temperature (averaged for weekly intervals) falls below c. 10½C in winter. An upper temperature limit for growth could not be defined. The species apparently lacks dormancy mechanisms. Shoot growth is 'opportunistic' and occurs whenever environmental conditions are favourable. Patterns of leaf production and leaf fall were variable but peaks showed a general synchrony. Leaf fall, however, tended to lag behind leaf production. Leaves of all ages were shed but main losses were from older cohorts. Some 49% (s.d.±18%) of new leaves were lost while still small or immature, mainly during periods of vigorous shoot growth or low water supply. Browse of immature foliage was light. Normal senescence and leaf fall accounted for almost the entire loss of mature foliage.

An explanation of natural forest dieback based on the “pipe model” analogy

“…(Attiwill 1966;Pook 1984). However, it has been reported that in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, Dean and Long 1986) and in oaks (Quercus alba and Q. velutina, Rogers and Hinckley 1979) the relationship between sapwood area and leaf mass is better described as curvilinear, meaning that large trees have a lower Huber value than small diameter trees of the same species.…”

The emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: stress, acclimation, and developmental responses

“…In species with foliage longevities extending over several growing seasons, senescence of older foliage can occur throughout the year, although it is often more frequent during new foliage growth and development (Bargali and Singh, 1997;Gholz et al, 1991;Pook, 1984). However, older non-senescent foliage becomes gradually shaded due to new foliage formation and expansion (Brooks et al, 1994;Niinemets et al, 2006).…”

Biodiversity of Terrestrial Ecosystems in Tropical to Temperate Australia

“…Today, foliage shoot growth of the overstorey trees in subtropical eucalypt open-forests and rainforests occurs during springtime-the driest time of the year in southeastern Queensland-and again in autumn at a reduced rate of production [101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108]. Flower production follows the shoot growth phenology in subtropical eucalypt open-forests [83].…”