Cannabis, soft defection and regime weakening

Bewley-Taylor, David

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139057424.005

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…There is a simple reason why the most common cannabis reforms have involved very modest changes in penalties for personal cannabis use: most developed countries have signed International Drug Control Treaties, such as the Single Convention, that require them to restrict the use of cannabis to medical and scientific purposes. The treaties are also interpreted as requiring nation states to make it a criminal offense to use, possess, produce, and sell cannabis but they allow latitude in the penalties that may be imposed for this offense .…”

Section: Depenalization and Decriminalization Of Cannabis Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The treaties are also interpreted as requiring nation states to make it a criminal offense to use, possess, produce, and sell cannabis but they allow latitude in the penalties that may be imposed for this offense . There is no doubt, however, that they prevent states that have signed them from creating a legal cannabis market for recreational use …”

Section: Depenalization and Decriminalization Of Cannabis Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the 1970s and 1980s the Netherlands creatively used a constitutional exemption allowed in the Single Convention to initially allow cannabis use and then small‐scale retail sales to be decriminalized and made de facto legal . In 1976 state prosecutors issued a statement that they would not prosecute persons for the possession and use of up to 30 grams of cannabis, effectively making possession and use of these small quantities of cannabis legal de facto .…”

Section: Depenalization and Decriminalization Of Cannabis Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recreational cannabis use was banned under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 1961 . By the end of the 1960s, however, cannabis use and arrests for possession and use had risen among young adults in the USA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By the end of the 1960s, however, cannabis use and arrests for possession and use had risen among young adults in the USA. Concerns about the adverse effects of criminal records on the lives of young people led some US states to depenalize or decriminalize cannabis use in the 1970s . Depenalization replaced imprisonment with fines or diversion into treatment while decriminalization removed criminal penalties for use from the statute …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA

Hall

Weier

2015

Clin Pharma and Therapeutics

159

127

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Section: Depenalization and Decriminalization Of Cannabis Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Depenalization and Decriminalization Of Cannabis Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Depenalization and Decriminalization Of Cannabis Usementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA

Hall

Weier

2015

Clin Pharma and Therapeutics

159

127

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Cannabis Use and Supply Patterns Among Belgian Cannabis Social Club Members

Pardal

Decorte

2018

Journal of Drug Issues

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Cannabis Social Clubs (CSCs) constitute a noncommercial model for the supply of cannabis among registered, adults users, which is present in several countries—including in Belgium. This analysis provides a first descriptive examination of a sample of Belgian CSC members’ patterns of use and supply, as well as their sociodemographic features. According to a new voluntary survey of 190 Belgian CSC members, more than three quarters are male, Belgian, and more than half work full- or part-time. About 44% of respondents have completed university studies. Securing cannabis was the primary reason to adhere to a CSC, and most are (near-)daily users. Our results revealed that the CSC was the sole supplier for most respondents of cannabis-producing CSCs, who obtained almost exclusively (dried) herbal cannabis. The presence of (self-declared) medical users in our sample is noteworthy. This analysis advances our knowledge of the segment of the market served by this noncommercial model.

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The Supply of Cannabis for Medical Use Through Cannabis Social Clubs in Belgium

Pardal

Bawin

2018

Contemporary Drug Problems

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Cannabis Social Clubs (CSCs) are nonprofit associations of adult cannabis users, which collectively organize the supply of cannabis among their members. As CSCs currently also serve members using cannabis for medical purposes, this article aims to detail the particular features of Belgian CSCs as suppliers of cannabis for medical use, and how those are perceived by CSC members. In this article, we draw on data gathered through interviews with the managing staff (n ¼ 21) of seven currently active Belgian CSCs. In addition, we conducted interviews (n ¼ 21) and an online survey (n ¼ 80) with members of Belgian CSCs using cannabis for medical reasons. We present Belgian CSCs' practices building on an adapted version of the health services analytical framework proposed by Belle-Isle et al. This article thus provides a first overview of the features of Belgian CSCs as suppliers of cannabis for medical use as well as members' perceptions. Structural differences emerged as to how the Belgian CSCs have accommodated medical members' needs (in mixed CSCs where no formal distinction is made between recreational and medical members, in a separate CSC subunit or in a CSC admitting medical members only). Candidate medical members must fulfill specific criteria, particularly when applying for the medical units. The CSCs have adopted two different types of distribution methods, and the cannabis supplied is produced organically-systematic quality control is, however, lacking. We noted some flexibility in relation to frequency and quantity distributed to medical members. Affordability was positively appreciated by CSC members. Collaboration between CSCs and the health sector remains challenging. Some degree of diversity in practices among CSCs remains, as well as common issues which continue to affect the model in Belgium and are important in understanding the role and potential of CSCs as providers of cannabis for medical use.

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Cannabis, soft defection and regime weakening

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA

Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA

Cannabis Use and Supply Patterns Among Belgian Cannabis Social Club Members

The Supply of Cannabis for Medical Use Through Cannabis Social Clubs in Belgium

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