Cannabis, pesticides and conflicting laws: The dilemma for legalized States and implications for public health

Stone, Dave

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.015

Cited by 59 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Moreover, there are currently no pesticides registered for cannabis in the U.S. (Stone, 2014) (product testing is discussed further below). Zoning and building codes contribute additional layers of compliance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Issues in the implementation and evolution of the commercial recreational cannabis market in Colorado

Subritzky

Pettigrew

Lenton

2016

International Journal of Drug Policy

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Issues in the implementation and evolution of the commercial recreational cannabis market in Colorado

Subritzky

Pettigrew

Lenton

2016

International Journal of Drug Policy

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“…17 Cannabis is an illegal drug in most countries, therefore there are no guidelines for pesticide use on cannabis cultivation. 17 Cannabis is an illegal drug in most countries, therefore there are no guidelines for pesticide use on cannabis cultivation.…”

Section: Pesticides Associated With Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 Medical cannabis products tested in California had pesticides in 49.3% of the samples. 17 The state of Colorado has compiled a list of 357 pesticide products, many of which contain the same active ingredients, that are legal to use on cannabis plantations. 22 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) claims: "We have yet to receive any applications for pesticide use on marijuana and therefore, have not evaluated the safety of any pesticide on marijuana".…”

Section: Pesticides Associated With Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticides in cannabis: A review of analytical and toxicological considerations

Taylor

Birkett

2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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A review of the literature surrounding the use, analysis, and detection of pesticide material for cannabis cultivation is presented. The use of pesticides in crop cultivation is not new, and cannabis crops are no exception. Studies have found that the use of these are common and that high levels of the pesticides are transferred into the cannabis smoke. The most common pesticide classes associated with cannabis are insecticides, acaricides, and fungicides. Over 350 different pesticide products may be used on cannabis materials and of these, 16 pesticides and three plant growth regulators (PGR) are considered to be the main candidates. Many of the pesticides found in cannabis samples destined for consumption are classed as moderately hazardous by the World Health Organization. Analytical methods for pesticide detection on cannabis are being developed with a view to implementing quality control of cannabis, where it is legal, before being sold. However, no standardized protocol exists. The pesticide levels found in the cannabis samples tested were generally low (less than μg/g), these results do not, however, provide information on chronic low-dose adverse effects of pesticides in relation to cannabis consumption. Currently no research exists on the toxicity of pyrolyzed pesticides in humans from smoking cannabis. More studies are needed to further understand this potentially harmful health threat. K E Y W O R D Scannabis, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, pesticides, toxicity

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“…However, as of January 2016, the EPA had not received any SLN registrations for cannabis. The absence of approved standards for use, limits on chemicals types and residues, and validated testing methods for cannabis products may result in consumer exposure to hazardous agents or higher residue levels than would occur if regulatory guidance and specifications existed (Stone, 2014). Administration by smoking and inhalation may also present greater risk of exposure with certain chemicals compared to ingestion.…”

Section: Production Of Botanical Drug Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Administration by smoking and inhalation may also present greater risk of exposure with certain chemicals compared to ingestion. Moreover, extraction and concentration methods used for the manufacture of some dosage formulations (tinctures, butane hash oil, “dabs”) can result in final products containing high levels of residual solvents and pesticides, which has been verified through residue monitoring (Raber et al, 2015), enforcement activities, and legislative testimony (Stone, 2014). The use of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides also poses environmental risk (Scott Nolen, 2014; Carah et al, 2015).…”

Section: Production Of Botanical Drug Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Distribution of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Dosage Formulations for Investigational and Therapeutic Use in the United States

Thomas

Pollard

2016

Front. Pharmacol.

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Cannabis is classified as a schedule I controlled substance by the US Drug Enforcement Agency, meaning that it has no medicinal value. Production is legally restricted to a single supplier at the University of Mississippi, and distribution to researchers is tightly controlled. However, a majority of the population is estimated to believe that cannabis has legitimate medical or recreational value, numerous states have legalized or decriminalized possession to some degree, and the federal government does not strictly enforce its law and is considering rescheduling. The explosive increase in open sale and use of herbal cannabis and its products has occurred with widely variable and in many cases grossly inadequate quality control at all levels—growing, processing, storage, distribution, and use. This paper discusses elements of the analytical and regulatory system that need to be put in place to ensure standardization for the researcher and to reduce the hazards of contamination, overdosing, and underdosing for the end-user.

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Cannabis, pesticides and conflicting laws: The dilemma for legalized States and implications for public health

Cited by 59 publications

References 12 publications

Issues in the implementation and evolution of the commercial recreational cannabis market in Colorado

Issues in the implementation and evolution of the commercial recreational cannabis market in Colorado

Pesticides in cannabis: A review of analytical and toxicological considerations

Preparation and Distribution of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Dosage Formulations for Investigational and Therapeutic Use in the United States

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