Cannabinoids, Phenolics, Terpenes and Alkaloids of Cannabis

Radwan, Mohamed M.; Chandra, Suman; Gul, Shahbaz W.; ElSohly, Mahmoud A.

doi:10.3390/molecules26092774

Cited by 146 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…∆9-THC Sprague Dawley male rats ∆9-THC therapy inhibited acetylcholinesterase, reduced amyloid-β levels and hippocampal neurogenesis, and induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor release through mixed CB1 and CB2 modulation. [9,117] ∆9-THC Genes encoding human, mouse, and rat TRPV2 ∆9-THC is a potent TRPV2 agonist.…”

Section: Cbdamentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Phytocannabinoids and Their Related Compounds: Should We Only Search for Drugs That Act on Cannabinoid Receptors?

et al. 2021

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The most important discoveries in pharmacology, such as certain classes of analgesics or chemotherapeutics, started from natural extracts which have been found to have effects in traditional medicine. Cannabis, traditionally used in Asia for the treatment of pain, nausea, spasms, sleep, depression, and low appetite, is still a good candidate for the development of new compounds. If initially all attention was directed to the endocannabinoid system, recent studies suggest that many of the clinically proven effects are based on an intrinsic chain of mechanisms that do not necessarily involve only cannabinoid receptors. Recent research has shown that major phytocannabinoids and their derivatives also interact with non-cannabinoid receptors such as vanilloid receptor 1, transient receptor ankyrin 1 potential, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma or glitazone receptor, G55 protein-coupled receptor, and nuclear receptor, producing pharmacological effects in diseases such as Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, depression, neuropathic pain, cancer, and diabetes. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of these compounds. Structure modulation of phytocannabinoids, in order to improve pharmacological effects, should not be limited to the exploration of cannabinoid receptors, and it should target other courses of action discovered through recent research.

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Section: Cbdamentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Phytocannabinoids and Their Related Compounds: Should We Only Search for Drugs That Act on Cannabinoid Receptors?

et al. 2021

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“…While cannabis is largely described and marketed based upon these two compounds, it produces a diverse array of potentially bioactive molecules and the use of single marker compounds to assess quality and uniformity of herbal products is problematic [1]. To date, at least 125 unique cannabinoids have been identified from cannabis and their biological activities and interactions are largely unknown [2]. Cannabis also produces a wide range of other compounds such as terpenes, which are responsible for Plants 2021, 10, 1794 2 of 22 the flavor and aroma profile of the product and are thought to interact with cannabinoids to modify their biological activity [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A major challenge facing the development and application of plant based medicines, including cannabis, is producing material with a consistent and well described chemical profile to ensure predictable and reproducible biological effects [ 1 ]. The medicinal and recreational properties of cannabis are largely related to the presence of cannabinoids, with the most naturally abundant being delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), a precursor to the psychoactive compound delta-9-hydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), a precursor to the non-psychoactive but medicinally important compound cannabidiol (CBD) [ 2 ]. While cannabis is largely described and marketed based upon these two compounds, it produces a diverse array of potentially bioactive molecules and the use of single marker compounds to assess quality and uniformity of herbal products is problematic [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryopreservation of 13 Commercial Cannabis sativa Genotypes Using In Vitro Nodal Explants

Downey¹,

Golenia²,

Boudko³

et al. 2021

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Cannabis has developed into a multi-billion-dollar industry that relies on clonal propagation of elite genetics with desirable agronomic and chemical phenotypes. While the goal of clonal propagation is to produce genetically uniform plants, somatic mutations can accumulate during growth and compromise long-term genetic fidelity. Cryopreservation is a process in which tissues are stored at cryogenic temperatures, halting cell division and metabolic processes to facilitate high fidelity germplasm preservation. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to optimize various stages of cryopreservation and develop a protocol for long-term germplasm storage of Cannabis sativa. The resulting protocol uses a standard vitrification procedure to cryopreserve nodal explants from in vitro shoots as follows: nodes were cultured for 17 h in a pre-culture solution (PCS), followed by a 20-min treatment in a loading solution (LS), and a 60 min incubation in plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2). The nodes were then flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, re-warmed in an unloading solution at 40 °C, and cultured on basal MS culture medium in the dark for 5 days followed by transfer to standard culture conditions. This protocol was tested across 13 genotypes to assess the genotypic variability. The protocol was successful across all 13 genotypes, but significant variation was observed in tissue survival (43.3–80%) and regrowth of shoots (26.7–66.7%). Plants grown from cryopreserved samples were morphologically and chemically similar to control plants for most major traits, but some differences were observed in the minor cannabinoid and terpene profiles. While further improvements are likely possible, this study provides a functional cryopreservation system that works across multiple commercial genotypes for long-term germplasm preservation.

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“…By the 19th century, chemists had isolated other plant-based active molecules (e.g., the alkaloids such as atropine from Atropa belladonna, muscarine from Amanita muscaria and morphine from Papaver somniferum). When a similar approach was taken to isolate active cannabis constituents, the results were not successful, because compared to the previously mentioned water-soluble plant alkaloids, components of the cannabis plant require organic solvents for isolation [2]. Nevertheless, by the latter half of the 20th century, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆ 9 -THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) were among the first purified and structurally identified plant cannabinoids [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Endocannabinoid System and Cannabidiol: Past, Present, and Prospective for Cardiovascular Diseases

et al. 2021

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In the past, cannabis was commonly associated with mysticism and illegality. Fortunately, in recent years perspectives and discourses have changed. More prominence has been given to the rigorous scientific effort that led to the discovery of cannabis’ many physiological actions and endogenous signalling mechanisms. The endocannabinoid system is a complex and heterogeneous pro-homeostatic network comprising different receptors with several endogenous ligands, numerous metabolic enzymes and regulatory proteins. Therefore, it is not surprising that alterations and dysfunctions of the endocannabinoid system are observed in almost every category of disease. Such high degree of pathophysiological involvement suggests the endocannabinoid system is a promising therapeutic target and prompted the translation of resurgent scientific findings into clinical therapies. Shifting attitudes toward cannabis also raised other matters such as increased patient awareness, prescription requests, self-medication, recreational use, recognition of new knowledge gaps, renewed scientific activity, and seemingly exponential growth of the cannabis industry. This review, following a general overview of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system, assiduously describes its role within the context of cardiovascular diseases, paying particular attention to the Janus influence that endocannabinoid system modulators can have on the cardiovascular system.

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Cannabinoids, Phenolics, Terpenes and Alkaloids of Cannabis

Cited by 146 publications

References 103 publications

Major Phytocannabinoids and Their Related Compounds: Should We Only Search for Drugs That Act on Cannabinoid Receptors?

Major Phytocannabinoids and Their Related Compounds: Should We Only Search for Drugs That Act on Cannabinoid Receptors?

Cryopreservation of 13 Commercial Cannabis sativa Genotypes Using In Vitro Nodal Explants

The Endocannabinoid System and Cannabidiol: Past, Present, and Prospective for Cardiovascular Diseases

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