“…Calcineurin, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, is responsible for both activity-dependent relocation (Evans et al, 2013 ) and shortening (Evans et al, 2015 ) of the AIS. Furthermore, AIS assembly, maintenance, and/or plasticity may also be regulated by cannabinoid receptors (Tapia et al, 2017 ), brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 (Guo et al, 2017 ), protein kinase CK2 (Bréchet et al, 2008 ; Hien et al, 2014 ; Xu and Cooper, 2015 ; Lezmy et al, 2017 ), Cdk5 (Trunova et al, 2011 ; Chand et al, 2015 ), microtubule cross-linking factor 1 (Satake et al, 2017 ), myosin II activity (Evans et al, 2017 ; Berger et al, 2018 ), or Rbfox splicing factors (Jacko et al, 2018 ). Future studies are required to identify the key mechanism of diabetes-related AIS changes.…”