Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled vaporizer administration with and without alcohol

Hartman, Rebecca L.; Anizan, Sébastien; Jang, Moonhee; Brown, Timothy L.; Kuang, Yun; Gorelick, David A.; Milavetz, Gary; Spurgin, Andrew; Gaffney, Gary; Huestis, Marilyn A.

doi:10.1007/s11419-015-0269-6

Cited by 15 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 54 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…. Cannabis significantly slowed alcohol absorption (Hartman et al , ); after placebo cannabis, the median and maximum BrAC decreased throughout the drive as expected whereas after the high cannabis dose the BrAC range remained consistent throughout driving with a slightly increasing median. The low cannabis dose displayed a BrAC pattern with placebo and high‐dose characteristics, reflecting a midpoint between conditions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…We also did not observe an interaction lessening the SD speed increase associated with alcohol. Although the alcohol area under the curve did not significantly differ from cannabis (Hartman et al , ), cannabis resulted in slower alcohol absorption and more consistent estimated BrAC throughout a ~0.75‐h drive beginning 0.5 h after alcohol administration ended. Individuals who consume concurrent cannabis and alcohol may experience more elevated or rising alcohol concentrations longer than with alcohol alone, thereby increasing the driving risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cannabis effects on driving longitudinal control with and without alcohol

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although evidence suggests cannabis impairs driving, its driving-performance effects are not fully characterized. We aimed to establish cannabis' effects on driving longitudinal control (with and without alcohol, drivers' most common drug combination) relative to psychoactive ∆(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) blood concentrations. Current occasional (≥1×/last 3 months, ≤3 days per week) cannabis smokers drank placebo or low-dose alcohol, and inhaled 500 mg placebo, low (2.9%), or high (6.7%) THC vaporized cannabis over 10 min ad libitum in separate sessions (within-subject, six conditions). Participants drove (National Advanced Driving Simulator, University of Iowa) simulated drives 0.5-1.3 h post-inhalation. Blood and breath alcohol samples were collected before (0.17 and 0.42 h) and after (1.4 and 2.3 h) driving. We evaluated the mean speed (relative to limit), standard deviation (SD) of speed, percent time spent >10% above/below the speed limit (percent speed high/percent speed low), longitudinal acceleration, and ability to maintain headway relative to a lead vehicle (headway maintenance) against blood THC and breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC). In N=18 completing drivers, THC was associated with a decreased mean speed, increased percent speed low and increased mean following distance during headway maintenance. BrAC was associated with increased SD speed and increased percent speed high, whereas THC was not. Neither was associated with altered longitudinal acceleration. A less-than-additive THC*BrAC interaction was detected in percent speed high (considering only non-zero data and excluding an outlying drive event), suggesting cannabis mitigated drivers' tendency to drive faster with alcohol. Cannabis was associated with slower driving and greater headway, suggesting a possible awareness of impairment and attempt to compensate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Cannabis effects on driving longitudinal control with and without alcohol

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Full blood and OF pharmacokinetic data are presented in Hartman et al (2015b and 2015a, respectively). Between-subject blood concentration variability (coefficient of variation) was substantially lower than matched OF concentration variability at all time points: 45–65% vs. 125–207%, respectively, immediately post-dose; 39–69% vs. 129–184% at 1.4h; and 61–82% vs. 139–174% at 2.3h (Table 6).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inter-assay (n=30) analytical bias and imprecision were ≤3.7% and ≤8.7%, respectively. OF THC quantification is described in detail elsewhere (Hartman et al, 2015a). We utilized a published validated method (Milman et al, 2010), modified by adding 0.4mL hexane to solid-phase extraction columns before the initial elution solvent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis effects on driving lateral control with and without alcohol

Hartman

Brown

Milavetz

et al. 2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Self Cite

202

173

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Effects of cannabis, the most commonly encountered non-alcohol drug in driving under the influence cases, are heavily debated. We aimed to determine how blood Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations relate to driving impairment, with and without alcohol. Methods Current occasional (≥1×/last 3months, ≤3days/week) cannabis smokers drank placebo or low-dose alcohol, and inhaled 500mg placebo, low (2.9%)-THC, or high (6.7%)-THC vaporized cannabis over 10min ad libitum in separate sessions (within-subject design, 6 conditions). Participants drove (National Advanced Driving Simulator, University of Iowa) simulated drives (~0.8h duration). Blood, oral fluid (OF) and breath alcohol samples were collected before (0.17h, 0.42h) and after (1.4h, 2.3h) driving that occurred 0.5–1.3h after inhalation. We evaluated standard deviations of lateral position (lane weave, SDLP) and steering angle, lane departures/min, and maximum lateral acceleration. Results In N=18 completers (13 men, ages 21–37years), cannabis and alcohol increased SDLP. Blood THC concentrations of 8.2 and 13.1μg/L during driving increased SDLP similar to 0.05 and 0.08g/210L breath alcohol concentrations, the most common legal alcohol limits. Cannabis-alcohol SDLP effects were additive rather than synergistic, with 5μg/L THC+0.05g/210L alcohol showing similar SDLP to 0.08g/210L alcohol alone. Only alcohol increased lateral acceleration and the less-sensitive lane departures/min parameters. OF effectively documented cannabis exposure, although with greater THC concentration variability than paired blood samples. Conclusions SDLP was a sensitive cannabis-related lateral control impairment measure. During-drive blood THC ≥8.2μg/L increased SDLP similar to notably-impairing alcohol concentrations. Despite OF’s screening value, OF variability poses challenges in concentration-based effects interpretation. KEYWORDS: Cannabis, Alcohol, Driving, Lateral Control, THC, Oral Fluid

show abstract

“…Breath detection windows are currently limited to approximately 2 h postsmoking (39 ), whereas impairing effects may extend beyond this period. Oral fluid is a promising noninvasive matrix, with roadside screening applicability and detection windows comparable to acute impairment windows if recent use markers are included (40 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Blood Collection Time on Measured Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations: Implications for Driving Interpretation and Drug Policy

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUND:In driving-under-the-influence cases, blood typically is collected approximately 1.5-4 h after an incident, with unknown last intake time. This complicates blood ⌬ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) interpretation, owing to rapidly decreasing concentrations immediately after inhalation. We evaluated how decreases in blood THC concentration before collection may affect interpretation of toxicological results.

show abstract

Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled vaporizer administration with and without alcohol

Cited by 15 publications

References 54 publications

Cannabis effects on driving longitudinal control with and without alcohol

Cannabis effects on driving longitudinal control with and without alcohol

Cannabis effects on driving lateral control with and without alcohol

Effect of Blood Collection Time on Measured Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations: Implications for Driving Interpretation and Drug Policy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About