Cannabidiol (CBD) and other drug use among young adults who use cannabis in Los Angeles

Fedorova, Ekaterina V.; Wong, Carolyn F.; Ataiants, Janna; Iverson, Ellen; Conn, Bridgid M.; Lankenau, Stephen E.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108648

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…22 Fedorova and colleagues studied CBD use in youth who reported general cannabis use; with CBD-dominant users reporting pain as the primary reason for use. 23 These reasons for access are consistent with the ndings of indications for use seen in this audit.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Cannabidiol Prescription Requests in NZ: Describing Patients and Indications Seen in a New Zealand Cannabis Clinic

Gulbransen¹,

Oldfield

Braithwaite

et al. 2022

Preprint

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BackgroundIn 2017, revision of the Misuse of Drugs Act in New Zealand (NZ) allowed all medical practitioners to prescribe cannabidiol (CBD), a non-euphoriant constituent of cannabis. More information is needed on its therapeutic potential. This is an audit of all patients prescribed CBD from a single private clinic (Cannabis Care, Henderson, New Zealand) from 7th December 2017 to 3rd June 2020. We describe the patient population seeking CBD prescriptions in routine care in NZ, indications for use and quality of life (QOL) indices.MethodsPatient records were audited by the primary clinician, who had assessed indication for use and QOL indices (EuroQol-5D-5L and EQ-VAS). Indications were coded into four categories: non-cancer pain, emotional distress, neurological symptoms and cancer symptoms. Change in QOL and perceived patient efficacy was described where available. SAS version 9.4 was used. Data descriptions are by mean and standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables were described by counts and proportions expressed as percentages. Paired t-tests were used to compare V1 and V2 VAS scores. ResultsOf 1264 patient records reviewed the mean age was 51 years (SD 20.6), with 55.5% female. Non-cancer pain was the primary indication for use (49.4%). The mean EQ-VAS score at first visit in patients over 16 years (n=924) was 50 (SD 22.3) and 65 (n=384, SD 21.1) at follow up. The mean difference in VAS score in returning patients (n=332) was -11.1 (95% CI -13.2 to -9.0, p<.0001), indicating a positive change in health rating. ConclusionsIn NZ a range of patients are seeking CBD prescriptions, primarily for pain, with a sub-group reporting improved health following use. Further research into the clinical application of these products, especially dosage, precise indications and associated adverse events, is needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Cannabidiol Prescription Requests in NZ: Describing Patients and Indications Seen in a New Zealand Cannabis Clinic

Gulbransen¹,

Oldfield

Braithwaite

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…The results from the present study should be interpreted in light of limitations that suggest potential areas for future research on CBD outcome expectancies. First, consistent with prior research (e.g., Fedorova et al, 2021), the majority of our samples were comprised of non-Hispanic/Latin White females. Although outcome expectancy measures tend to be invariant across race, sex assigned at birth, and substance use frequency (e.g., Waddell et al, 2021), future work will benefit from the formal testing of measurement invariance or differential item functioning of CBD-OEQ subscales and items by demographic factors or use frequency.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionssupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Although outcome expectancy measures tend to be invariant across race, sex assigned at birth, and substance use frequency (e.g., Waddell et al, 2021), future work will benefit from the formal testing of measurement invariance or differential item functioning of CBD-OEQ subscales and items by demographic factors or use frequency. Second, we did not explicitly assess whether participants could distinguish between CBD and THC products, which may be important given that THC and CBD are often used together (e.g., Fedorova et al, 2021). We aimed to distinguish between CBD and THC in our screener question on lifetime CBD use (i.e., "please do not include use of marijuana or other marijuana products in your answer") but did not include information on differences between CBD and THC/cannabis due in the CBD-OEQ instructions due to concern of priming effects.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some use CBD to replace other substances (e.g., cannabis; Wheeler et al, 2020) or prescription medications for medical and mental health conditions (Corroon & Phillips, 2018; Gill, 2019). Notably, among individuals who reported past 90-day use CBD-only products, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-only products, and/or CBD–THC combined products, those who used CBD-dominant products (i.e., containing mostly CBD and minimal to no THC) exclusively or more frequently than THC-dominant products (i.e., containing mostly THC and minimal to no CBD) reported using cannabis less often, in lower amounts, and for greater self-reported medical (rather than recreational) purposes than those who used more THC-dominant products (Fedorova et al, 2021). These findings suggest that those who prefer CBD products may have specific beliefs and expectations about what CBD products do.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development and initial psychometric properties of the Cannabidiol Outcome Expectancies Questionnaire (CBD-OEQ).

Walukevich-Dienst¹,

Morris²,

Tucker³

et al. 2022

Psychological Assessment

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Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid, is used by many individuals to treat medical and mental health conditions, despite limited support for the efficacy of CBD for these conditions. Identification of CBD-related outcome expectancies (i.e., beliefs concerning the anticipated effects of CBD) could be useful in understanding the etiology and maintenance of CBD use and/or be useful in administration or clinical trial research. Although there are several measures of cannabis outcome expectancies, cannabis comprises several active compounds (e.g., tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], CBD). Thus, cannabis outcome expectancies may not reflect CBD-specific outcome expectancies. Yet, no known CBD-specific outcome expectancy measure exists. The present study used a three-phase, mixed-methods approach to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Cannabidiol Outcome Expectancy Questionnaire (CBD-OEQ). The CBD-OEQ assessed endorsement (i.e., how much an individual agrees/disagrees with an expected outcome) and desirability ratings (i.e., how desirable an expected outcome is). The initial item pool was administered to 600 adults who endorsed having heard of or using CBD products. Factor analyses supported a 60-item, six-factor structure. There was an initial support for internal consistency and convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the CBD-OEQ subscale scores in the present sample. Desirability ratings explained minimal additional variance in CBD variables for most subscales, but moderated the relationship between endorsement ratings and use behaviors for Global Negative Effects and No Effect subscales. The newly developed CBD-OEQ could be used as both a research and a clinical tool. Public Significance StatementWe created a questionnaire to measure beliefs about the expected positive and negative effects of cannabidiol (CBD). Beliefs about the effects of CBD were related to CBD use patterns among adults and are unique from beliefs about cannabis. This newly developed measure could be used to help researchers better understand the effects of CBD and CBD use patterns among adults.

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“…Further, human studies have identified sex/gender differences in patterns and motivations of cannabis use, including use for therapeutic purposes [ 40 ]. Of relevance to the present review, recent cross-sectional studies have found that women are more likely to use CBD-only or CBD-dominant cannabis products across a range of patient and non-patient samples [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Another recent cross-sectional study of patients with chronic non-cancer pain found that women were significantly more likely to experience adverse effects of medical cannabis (specifically, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and psychological AEs), while also consuming significantly higher monthly doses of CBD than men [ 45 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in the Neuropsychiatric Effects and Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol: A Scoping Review

2022

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Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid compound with diverse molecular targets and potential therapeutic effects, including effects relevant to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In this scoping review, we sought to determine the extent to which sex and gender have been considered as potential moderators of the neuropsychiatric effects and pharmacokinetics of CBD. In this case, 300 articles were screened, retrieved from searches in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, PsycInfo and CINAHL, though only 12 met our eligibility criteria: eight studies in preclinical models and four studies in humans. Among the preclinical studies, three suggested that sex may influence long-term effects of gestational or adolescent exposure to CBD; two found no impact of sex on CBD modulation of addiction-relevant effects of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); two found antidepressant-like effects of CBD in males only; and one found greater plasma and liver CBD concentrations in females compared to males. Among the human studies, two found no sex difference in CBD pharmacokinetics in patient samples, one found greater plasma CBD concentrations in healthy females compared to males, and one found no evidence of sex differences in the effects of CBD on responses to trauma recall in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). No studies were identified that considered the role of gender in CBD treatment effects. We discuss potential implications and current limitations of the existing literature.

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Cannabidiol (CBD) and other drug use among young adults who use cannabis in Los Angeles

Cited by 17 publications

References 57 publications

Cannabidiol Prescription Requests in NZ: Describing Patients and Indications Seen in a New Zealand Cannabis Clinic

Cannabidiol Prescription Requests in NZ: Describing Patients and Indications Seen in a New Zealand Cannabis Clinic

Development and initial psychometric properties of the Cannabidiol Outcome Expectancies Questionnaire (CBD-OEQ).

Sex Differences in the Neuropsychiatric Effects and Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol: A Scoping Review

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