Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and management of the reservoir living among us

Travi, Bruno L.; Cordeiro-da-Silva, Anabela; Dantas‐Torres, Filipe; Miró, Guadalupe

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006082

Cited by 128 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Only a few investigators successfully isolated Leishmania parasites from equine CL biopsy cultures [36,37]. IFAT is the most frequently required serological tool to detect specific antibodies of Leishmania promastigotes, despite a low sensitivity and the presence of antigenic cross-reactivity between Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii [76][77][78][79]. The DAT is a simple sero-diagnostic tool which does not require sophisticated equipment; however, its use may yield, as for IFAT, to false negative results due to low antibody levels or false positive results caused by the cross-reactions between Leishmania species and other protozoan parasites [43,44,55,57,66,75,79,80].…”

Section: Diagnosis and Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IFAT is the most frequently required serological tool to detect specific antibodies of Leishmania promastigotes, despite a low sensitivity and the presence of antigenic cross-reactivity between Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii [76][77][78][79]. The DAT is a simple sero-diagnostic tool which does not require sophisticated equipment; however, its use may yield, as for IFAT, to false negative results due to low antibody levels or false positive results caused by the cross-reactions between Leishmania species and other protozoan parasites [43,44,55,57,66,75,79,80]. The presence of anti-leishmanial antibodies in the serum of subclinical or clinical CL cases was also analysed by ELISA [41,43,46,47,54,63,74], a serological assay generally considered as highly sensitive which has a variable specificity that depends on the used leishmanial antigen [79].…”

Section: Diagnosis and Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DAT is a simple sero-diagnostic tool which does not require sophisticated equipment; however, its use may yield, as for IFAT, to false negative results due to low antibody levels or false positive results caused by the cross-reactions between Leishmania species and other protozoan parasites [43,44,55,57,66,75,79,80]. The presence of anti-leishmanial antibodies in the serum of subclinical or clinical CL cases was also analysed by ELISA [41,43,46,47,54,63,74], a serological assay generally considered as highly sensitive which has a variable specificity that depends on the used leishmanial antigen [79]. Thus, the absence of concordance between DAT, ELISA and PCR tests analysing subclinical or clinical cases was observed for some studies [43,44,57].…”

Section: Diagnosis and Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection of the equine population by Leishmania parasites

Mhadhbi

Sassi

2019

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Infection of equids by Leishmania (L.) parasites was previously described in both the Old and New World, particularly in Central and South America. Equine cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by the Leishmania species, L. Viannia (V.) braziliensis and L. infantum, previously identified in humans and other parasite hosts living in the same geographic endemic areas. Sporadic autochthonous clinical cases, with no travel history, were documented in several countries including Germany, Portugal, Spain, Texas and Brazil; L. infantum and L. (Mundinia) martiniquensis were the infectious species. Prevalence of subclinical infections is extremely low and CL is observed in only a small proportion of infected animals with the appearance of single or multiple cutaneous lesions located on the head, external ear, scrotum, legs and the neck. To date, there has been no report of visceral abnormalities. However, the mild clinical profile of the disease and its spontaneous regression may indicate that skin lesions related to Leishmania infection is underdiagnosed. Importantly, although the prevalence of Leishmania infections in the equine population is low, a risk may rise from its potential involvement in the parasite transmission cycles as a source of infection for phlebotomine vectors and susceptible mammalian hosts. This review article summarises our current knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of Leishmania‐infected equids.

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Section: Diagnosis and Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diagnosis and Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diagnosis and Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection of the equine population by Leishmania parasites

Mhadhbi

Sassi

2019

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…The absence of VL infection symptoms in dogs is significant epidemiologically because infected dogs can easily transmit leishmania to sand flies (1). In other hand, even treated symptomatic dogs are not cleared from L. infantum and can transmit the infection (1,12). Therefore, regular examination of dogs in CVL high risk areas is necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since most infected dogs are clinically asymptomatic, identifying and detecting anti leishmania antibodies in sera is appropriate diagnostic method for screening dogs in epidemiological studies and evaluating control programs (10). There are several serological tests for identifying anti leishmania antibodies, among which the direct agglutination test (DAT) is more useful due to its simplicity, no need for special tools, and high reliability and validity (11,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Seroepidemiological Survey of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Owned Dogs (Canis familiaris) in New Foci of Rural Areas of Alborz Province, Central Part of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study in 2017

Heidari¹,

Mohebali²,

Vahed³

et al. 2020

JAD

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Background: Mediterranean form of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic among some provinces of Iran. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in the owned dogs of the rural areas of Alborz Province near Tehran as the capital of Iran. Methods: This study conducted on 303 owned dogs that selected using a stratified random sampling method. The direct agglutination test (DAT) was used to determine the frequency of Vl. The spleen biopsy was taken from the serology-positive dogs for the confirmation of CVL in the suspected dogs. Nested PCR and sequencing methods were used to determine the type of Leishmania species in the dogs which were parasitological positive. Results: Overall, the DAT results of 9 dogs (2.97%, CI: 1.57–5.55) showed anti Leishmania antibodies at titers ≥ 1:320 indicating VL infection. One dog (0.33%, CI 95%: 0.06–1.85) showed clinical signs and symptoms of VL. There was a significant correlation between the positive cases of CVL and rural area (p< 0.001). The Leishmania was observed in the impression smears that were prepared from spleen biopsy of five the studied dogs. Leishmania infantum were confirmed in all them using nested–PCR assay. The sequence analysis of all five isolates was 95% similar to L. infantum. Conclusion: This study shows that domestic cycle of L. infantum has been established in rural areas of Alborz province where located near Tehran as capital city of Iran. It is necessary to increase the awareness and monitoring of the disease periodically.

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Proteomics and Leishmaniasis: Potential Clinical Applications

Capelli-Peixoto

Mule

Tano

et al. 2019

Proteomics Clinical Apps

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Leishmaniases are diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. They are endemic in 98 countries, affect around 12 million people worldwide and may present several distinct clinical forms. Unfortunately, there are only a few drugs available for treatment of leishmaniasis, which are toxic and not always effective. Different parasite species and different clinical forms require optimization of the treatment or more specific therapies, which are not available. The emergence of resistance is also a matter of concern. Besides, diagnosis can sometimes be complicated due to atypical manifestations and associations with other pathologies. In this review, proteomic data are presented and discussed in terms of their application in important issues in leishmaniasis such as parasite resistance to chemotherapy, diagnosis of active disease in patients and dogs, markers for different clinical forms, identification of virulence factors, and their potential use in vaccination. It is shown that proteomics has contributed to the discovery of potential biomarkers for prognosis, diagnosis, therapeutics, monitoring of disease progression, treatment follow‐up and identification of vaccine candidates for specific diseases. However, the authors believe its capabilities have not yet been fully explored for routine clinical analysis for several reasons, which will be presented in this review.

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Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and management of the reservoir living among us

Cited by 128 publications

References 92 publications

Infection of the equine population by Leishmania parasites

Infection of the equine population by Leishmania parasites

Molecular and Seroepidemiological Survey of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Owned Dogs (Canis familiaris) in New Foci of Rural Areas of Alborz Province, Central Part of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study in 2017

Proteomics and Leishmaniasis: Potential Clinical Applications

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