Canine Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy: Dog's Clinical Condition and Risk of <i>Leishmania</i> Transmission

João, A.; Pereira, Maria A.; Cortes, Sofia; Santos‐Gomes, Gabriela

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00869.x

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Different drugs and protocols have been proposed for CanL treatment (5). Following treatment parasitological healing is possible, but not frequent (6)(7)(8); after a temporary remission of clinical signs, disease recurrence can be seen (6,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). N-methylglucamine antimoniate (MA) and miltefosine (MIL) both combined with allopurinol are first-line drug therapies (6,(14)(15)(16)(17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Two Dosing Regimens of Miltefosine, Both in Combination With Allopurinol, on Clinical and Parasitological Findings of Dogs With Leishmaniosis: A Pilot Study

et al. 2020

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Miltefosine (MIL)–allopurinol combination therapy administered at standard dosage is effective to treat canine leishmaniosis, nevertheless for some dogs the digestive tolerance of MIL is not acceptable. This study evaluates an alternative therapeutic protocol by using a modified dosage of MIL to increase its effectiveness and improve the digestive tolerance. Thirty-four Leishmania infantum owned naturally infected dogs were included and monitored for 180 days. The dogs were allocated in two randomized groups: Group X−18 dogs treated with MIL registered dose of 2 mg/kg, oral administration, once daily, for 28 days; Group Y−16 dogs treated with 1.2 mg/kg for 5 days followed by 2.5 mg/kg for 25 days. Both groups were also treated with allopurinol. Digestive tolerance was monitored by adverse events observation. Treatments effectiveness was evaluated by monitoring the reduction of clinical score, the improvement of clinicopathological abnormalities, the reduction of parasitological load by PCR and the number of relapses. 16.6% dogs of group X and 12.5% dogs of group Y showed treatment associated adverse events. The reduction of clinical score was 61.7% for group X and 71.6% for group Y. All dogs showed an improvement of laboratory parameters after treatment. Quantitative PCR showed better results in group Y compared to group X; relapses were only registered in four dogs of group X. The modified protocol demonstrates a better trend of results in term of tolerance, clinical effectiveness, parasitological load reduction and relapses control, suggesting it could be considered for new large-scale studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Two Dosing Regimens of Miltefosine, Both in Combination With Allopurinol, on Clinical and Parasitological Findings of Dogs With Leishmaniosis: A Pilot Study

et al. 2020

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“…CanL conventional treatments improve the dog's clinical condition, reducing skin parasite load and consequently the risk of Leishmania transmission. Although it is not definitively proved that treatment completely eliminates the parasite (11), and relapses are common when therapy is discontinued (3, 11, 12) it remains crucial to improve the efficiency of protocols used for CanL treatment. The main protocols for dog treatment usually include meglumine antimoniate (N-methylglucamine antimoniate), miltefosine (1-O-hexadecylphosphocholine), and allopurinol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meglumine Antimoniate and Miltefosine Combined With Allopurinol Sustain Pro-inflammatory Immune Environments During Canine Leishmaniosis Treatment

Santos

Alexandre‐Pires

Pereira³

et al. 2019

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease of global concern. Antileishmanial drug therapies commonly used to treat sick dogs improve their clinical condition, although when discontinued relapses can occur. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the effect of CanL treatments in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow cytokine profile associated with clinical recovery. Two groups of six dogs diagnosed with CanL were treated with miltefosine combined with allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate combined with allopurinol (MT+A and MG+A), respectively. At diagnosis and after treatment, during a 3-month follow-up, clinical signs, hematological and biochemical parameters, urinalysis results and antileishmanial antibody titers were registered. Furthermore, peripheral blood, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow samples were collected to assess the gene expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IFN-γ by qPCR. In parallel, were also evaluated samples obtained from five healthy dogs. Both treatment protocols promoted the remission of clinical signs as well as normalization of hematological and biochemical parameters and urinalysis values. Antileishmanial antibodies returned to non-significant titers in all dogs. Sick dogs showed a generalized upregulation of IFN-γ and downregulation of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-β, while gene expression of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-5, and IL-10 varied between groups and according to evaluated tissue. A trend to the normalization of cytokine gene expression was induced by both miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapies. However, IFN-γ gene expression was still up-regulated in the three evaluated tissues. Furthermore, the effect of treatment in the gene expression of cytokines that were not significantly changed by infection, indicates that miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapy directly affects cytokine generation. Both combined therapies are effective in CanL treatment, leading to sustained pro-inflammatory immune environments that can compromise parasite survival and favor dogs' clinical cure. In the current study, anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines do not seem to play a prominent role in CanL or during clinical recovery.

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“…Dog treatment with chemotherapy based on meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol is the current standard to control leishmaniasis [17, 18]. In the model this strategy is simulated by varying the rate ω in the fifth and seventh equations, such that infected dogs are removed from the infectious compartment and are transferred to the susceptible compartment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Optimal Control of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis by the Use of a Mathematical Model

Ribas

Zaher

Shimozako

et al. 2013

The Scientific World Journal

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We argue that the strategy of culling infected dogs is not the most efficient way to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) and that, in the presence of alternative control strategies with better potential results, official programs of compulsory culling adopted by some countries are inefficient and unethical. We base our arguments on a mathematical model for the study of control strategies against ZVL, which allows the comparison of the efficacies of 5, alternative strategies. We demonstrate that the culling program, previously questioned on both theoretical and practical grounds is the less effective control strategy. In addition, we show that vector control and the use of insecticide-impregnated dog collars are, by far, more efficient at reducing the prevalence of ZVL in humans.

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Canine Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy: Dog's Clinical Condition and Risk of Leishmania Transmission

Cited by 17 publications

References 31 publications

Comparison of Two Dosing Regimens of Miltefosine, Both in Combination With Allopurinol, on Clinical and Parasitological Findings of Dogs With Leishmaniosis: A Pilot Study

Comparison of Two Dosing Regimens of Miltefosine, Both in Combination With Allopurinol, on Clinical and Parasitological Findings of Dogs With Leishmaniosis: A Pilot Study

Meglumine Antimoniate and Miltefosine Combined With Allopurinol Sustain Pro-inflammatory Immune Environments During Canine Leishmaniosis Treatment

Estimating the Optimal Control of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis by the Use of a Mathematical Model

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