Canine hepatozoonosis in Oklahoma

Rj, Panciera; Nt, Gatto; Ma, Crystal; Rg, Helman; Rw, Ely

doi:10.5326/15473317-33-3-221

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…21 Canine hepatozoonosis is an emerging tick-borne disease of dogs in the USA, first confirmed in dogs from Texas 3 and later reported in Louisiana, 7 Alabama and Georgia, 11,19 and Oklahoma. 15 Salient clinical features of American canine hepatozoonosis (ACH) include fever, weakness, myalgia, bone pain, mature neutrophilic leukocytosis, wasting, poor response to treatment, and periosteal new bone proliferation. 2,11,19 The disease in North America is considerably more aggressive, progressive, and more often fatal than hepatozoonosis in the Old World.…”

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Skeletal Lesions of Canine Hepatozoonosis Caused byHepatozoon americanum

et al. 2000

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Abstract. Canine hepatozoonosis, caused by Hepatozoon americanum, is an emerging tick-borne disease of dogs in North America. In addition to the skeletal and cardiac myositis that are prominent features of the disease, there is disseminated periosteal bone proliferation in most dogs that manifest clinical disease. Each of six experimentally infected animals (four dogs and two coyotes) and seven of eight naturally infected dogs had gross or histopathologic osteoproliferative lesions. Experimental animals were 6-9 months of age when exposed. Naturally infected dogs were 8 months to 11 years old when subjected to necropsy. Lesions occurred primarily on the diaphysis of the more proximal long bones of the limbs; however, flat and irregular bones were frequently involved. Lesions involving metacarpals, metatarsals, and digits were infrequent. The earliest observed periosteal lesions were in an experimentally infected dog 32 days after exposure to sporulated oocysts of H. americanum. There were hypertrophy and hyperplasia of osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoblasts appeared in the cellular zone of the periosteum. Spicules of woven bone oriented perpendicularly to bone cortex followed. Later yet, periosteal new bone was remodeled and tended to become oriented parallel to the cortical bone. Horizontally oriented zones of remodeled, condensed bone sometimes occurred in multiple layers on the original cortex, forming ''pseudocortices.'' The osseous lesions of American canine hepatozoonosis, with few variations, are remarkably similar to those of hypertrophic osteopathy in domestic dogs and other mammalian species, including humans.

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Skeletal Lesions of Canine Hepatozoonosis Caused byHepatozoon americanum

et al. 2000

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“…ACH was first reported from Texas 3 and then from Louisiana. 4 More recently, cases were reported from Oklahoma 16 and from Alabama and Georgia. 10 Dogs with ACH exhibit muscle wasting, weakness, leukocytosis with a mature neutrophilia, and periosteal bone proliferation.…”

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“…2,16,18 A serologic test would be a useful tool for routine laboratory diagnosis of H. americanum infections and should facilitate study of the epidemiology of the disease. Here, we describe an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serologic diagnosis of H. americanum infection.…”

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An Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of American Canine Hepatozoonosis

et al. 2001

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Abstract. American canine hepatozoonosis (ACH), caused by Hepatozoon americanum, is an emerging tick-borne disease of dogs. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that should facilitate diagnosis of infection and study of the epidemiology of ACH has been developed using H. americanum sporozoites as antigen. Efficacy of the new test as a diagnostic tool was compared with that of skeletal muscle biopsy, the current gold standard for confirming H. americanum infection. Results show that the test is sensitive (93%) and specific (96%) and that it is as reliable as histopathologic examination of skeletal muscle for detecting infection. The ELISA would be suitable as a routine laboratory test for diagnosis of ACH.

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“…5 Geographic distribution of the disease has expanded to include numerous cases in Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, Oklahoma, Florida, and Tennessee. 13,18,19,23 The causative agent of ACH was initially believed to be a particularly virulent strain of Hepatozoon canis, 5,18 but is now recognized as a new species, H. americanum. 30 Dogs become infected by ingesting sporulated oocysts of H. americanum that have developed in the definitive host tick, Amblyomma maculatum.…”

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Characterization of Stages ofHepatozoon americanumand of Parasitized Canine Host Cells

et al. 2005

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Abstract. American canine hepatozoonosis is caused by Hepatozoon americanum, a protozoan parasite, the definitive host of which is the tick, Amblyomma maculatum. Infection of the dog follows ingestion of ticks that harbor sporulated H. americanum oocysts. Following penetration of the intestinal mucosa, sporozoites are disseminated systemically and give rise to extensive asexual multiplication in cells located predominantly in striated muscle. The parasitized canine cells in ''onion skin'' cysts and in granulomas situated within skeletal muscle, as well as those in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), were identified as macrophages by use of fine structure morphology and/or immunohistochemical reactivity with macrophage markers. Additionally, two basic morphologic forms of the parasite were observed in macrophages of granulomas and PBLs. The forms were presumptively identified as merozoites and gamonts. The presence of a ''tail'' in some gamonts in PBLs indicated differentiation toward microgametes. Recognition of merozoites in PBLs supports the contention that hematogenously redistributed merozoites initiate repeated asexual cycles and could explain persistence of infection for long periods in the vertebrate host. Failure to clearly demonstrate a host cell membrane defining a parasitophorous vacuole may indicate that the parasite actively penetrates the host cell membrane rather than being engulfed by the host cell, as is characteristic of some protozoans.

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Canine hepatozoonosis in Oklahoma

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Skeletal Lesions of Canine Hepatozoonosis Caused byHepatozoon americanum

Skeletal Lesions of Canine Hepatozoonosis Caused byHepatozoon americanum

An Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of American Canine Hepatozoonosis

Characterization of Stages ofHepatozoon americanumand of Parasitized Canine Host Cells

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