Canine distemper virus infection and encephalitis in javelinas (collared peccaries)

Appel, M. J. G.; Reggiardo, Carlos; Summers, B. A.; Pearce-Kelling, Susan E.; Maré, C. J.; Noon, T. H.; Reed, R. E.; Shively, James N.; Örvell, Claes

doi:10.1007/bf01314331

Cited by 75 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The virus has been reported to cause disease in members of the carnivore families of Ailuridae, Felidae, Hyaenidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, Ursidae, Viverridae, and Phocidae (12). In addition, CDV has also been reported to infect javelinas (13) and was recently detected in rodents (14). A natural outbreak with CDV in nonhuman primates was first reported in 1989 when 22 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed in an animal research facility seroconverted to CDV (15).…”

Section: Anine Distemper Virus (Cdv) Is a Member Of The Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates Provides Partial Protection against Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

Vries

Ludlow

Verburgh

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Measles virus (MV) is being considered for global eradication, which would likely reduce compliance with MV vaccination. As a result, children will grow up without MV-specific immunity, creating a potential niche for closely related animal morbilliviruses such as canine distemper virus (CDV). Natural CDV infection causing clinical signs has never been reported in humans, but recent outbreaks in captive macaques have shown that CDV can cause disease in primates. We studied the virulence and tropism of recombinant CDV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in naive and measles-vaccinated cynomolgus macaques. In naive animals CDV caused viremia and fever and predominantly infected CD150 ؉ lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Virus was reisolated from the upper and lower respiratory tracts, but infection of epithelial or neuronal cells was not detectable at the time points examined, and the infections were self-limiting. This demonstrates that CDV readily infects nonhuman primates but suggests that additional mutations are necessary to achieve full virulence in nonnatural hosts. Partial protection against CDV was observed in measles-vaccinated macaques, as demonstrated by accelerated control of virus replication and limited shedding from the upper respiratory tract. While neither CDV infection nor MV vaccination induced detectable cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, MV-specific neutralizing antibody levels of MV-vaccinated macaques were boosted by CDV challenge infection, suggesting that cross-reactive VN epitopes exist. Rapid increases in white blood cell counts in MV-vaccinated macaques following CDV challenge suggested that cross-reactive cellular immune responses were also present. This study demonstrates that zoonotic morbillivirus infections can be controlled by measles vaccination. IMPORTANCEThroughout history viral zoonoses have had a substantial impact on human health. Given the drive toward global eradication of measles, it is essential to understand the zoonotic potential of animal morbilliviruses. Morbilliviruses are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral virus that jumped species and adapted to new hosts. Recently, canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus normally restricted to carnivores, caused disease outbreaks in nonhuman primates. Here, we report that experimental CDV infection of monkeys resulted in fever and leukopenia. The virus replicated to high levels in lymphocytes but did not spread to epithelial cells or the central nervous system. Importantly, like measles virus in macaques, the infections were selflimiting. In measles-vaccinated macaques CDV was cleared more rapidly, resulting in limited virus shedding from the upper respiratory tract. These studies demonstrate that although CDV can readily infect primates, measles immunity is protective, and CDV infection is self-limiting.

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Section: Anine Distemper Virus (Cdv) Is a Member Of The Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates Provides Partial Protection against Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

Vries

Ludlow

Verburgh

et al. 2014

J Virol

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“…Together with Measles virus (MV) and Rinderpest virus, it belongs to the morbilliviruses which form a serologically closely related genus in the family Paramyxoviridae. CDV primarily affects dogs, but infections of other terrestrial carnivores, in both captivity and the wild, have been reported (1,2,18,21,22,25,26,29,33,36). The mortality rates associated with CDV infection vary among susceptible species and range from 0% in domestic cats to 50% in dogs and 100% in ferrets.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a Rescue System for Canine Distemper Virus

Gassen¹,

Collins²,

Duprex³

et al. 2000

J Virol

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Canine distemper virus (CDV) has been rescued from a full-length cDNA clone. Besides Measles virus (MV) and Rinderpest virus, a third morbillivirus is now available for genetic analysis using reverse genetics. A plasmid p(؉)CDV was constructed by sequential cloning using the Onderstepoort vaccine strain large-plaque-forming variant. The presence of a T7 promoter allowed transcription of full-length antigenomic RNA by a T7 RNA polymerase, which was provided by a host range mutant of vaccinia virus (MVA-T7). Plasmids expressing the nucleocapsid protein, the phosphoprotein, and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also under control of a T7 promoter, have been generated. Infection of HeLa cells with MVA-T7 and subsequent transfection of p(؉)CDV plus the helper plasmids led to syncytium formation and release of infectious recombinant (r) CDV. Comparison of the rescued virus with the parental virus revealed no major differences in the progression of infection or in the shape and size of syncytia. A genetic tag, consisting of two nucleotide changes within the coding region of the L protein, has been identified in the rCDV genome. Expression by rCDV of all the major viral structural proteins has been demonstrated by immunofluorescence.Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an enveloped virus with a monopartite negative-stranded RNA genome. Together with Measles virus (MV) and Rinderpest virus, it belongs to the morbilliviruses which form a serologically closely related genus in the family Paramyxoviridae. CDV primarily affects dogs, but infections of other terrestrial carnivores, in both captivity and the wild, have been reported (1,2,18,21,22,25,26,29,33,36). The mortality rates associated with CDV infection vary among susceptible species and range from 0% in domestic cats to 50% in dogs and 100% in ferrets. One of the currently available vaccines (Onderstepoort strain) efficiently protects dogs, but it is insufficiently attenuated for other species, and high levels of mortality can occur due to its remaining virulence (10). Thus, there is a need to develop more attenuated vaccines for CDV to fully protect susceptible animals.A rescue system for CDV would provide the means to study attenuating effects of defined mutations and might subsequently facilitate generation and examination of new vaccines. Mutations that cause persistence of the virus could also be determined. This system would be useful in gaining a better understanding of CDV infection which can more easily be studied in cell culture and animal models by coexpression of additional reporter genes (e.g., the enhanced green fluorescent protein) from the recombinant viral genome (19,20).The CDV genome is 15,690 nucleotides (nt) in length and consists of a short 3Ј leader region and six genes encoding the N nucleocapsid (N), phospho-(P), matrix (M), fusion (F), hemagglutinin (H) and large (L) proteins (4,5,7,16,32,37,42). They are separated by intergenic regions of 3 nt and are followed by a short 5Ј trailer region. The nonstructural proteins V and C are encoded wit...

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“…anine distemper virus (CDV) exhibits a number of unique properties compared to other members of the Morbillivirus genus, including its propensity to jump species barriers (4,22) and its ability to spread to the central nervous system (CNS) in a high percentage of infected animals (8). However, different CDV strains display various levels of neurovirulence, induce neurological sequelae at a range of time points, and target different regions of the CNS (41).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant Canine Distemper Virus Strain Snyder Hill Expressing Green or Red Fluorescent Proteins Causes Meningoencephalitis in the Ferret

Ludlow

Nguyen

Silin

et al. 2012

J Virol

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Canine distemper virus infection and encephalitis in javelinas (collared peccaries)

Cited by 75 publications

References 12 publications

Measles Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates Provides Partial Protection against Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

Measles Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates Provides Partial Protection against Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

Establishment of a Rescue System for Canine Distemper Virus

Recombinant Canine Distemper Virus Strain Snyder Hill Expressing Green or Red Fluorescent Proteins Causes Meningoencephalitis in the Ferret

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