Canine Coronavirus Highly Pathogenic for Dogs

Buonavoglia, Canio; Decaro, Nicola; Martella, Vito; Elia, Gabriella; Campolo, Marco; Desario, Costantina; Castagnaro, Massimo; Tempesta, Maria

doi:10.3201/eid1203.050839

Cited by 171 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Novel human coronaviruses (HCoV) include the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, HCoV-NL63, and CoV-HKU1. 29,34,63,101,126,147 Emerging coronaviral diseases in animals include epizootic catarrhal enteritis 143,146 and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)-like systemic disease in ferrets, 36,54,75,145 a fatal systemic disease in dogs, 12 and mink epizootic catarrhal gastroenteritis. 132 When a coronavirus etiology is suspected, pan-coronavirus detection methods are very useful to the diagnostician.…”

Section: Coronavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond H&E

et al. 2013

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Veterinary pathology of infectious, particularly viral, and neoplastic diseases has advanced significantly with the advent of newer molecular methodologies that can detect nucleic acid of infectious agents within microscopic lesions, differentiate neoplastic from nonneoplastic cells, or determine the suitability of a targeted therapy by detecting specific mutations in certain cancers. Polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of DNA or RNA and in situ hybridization are currently the most commonly used methods for nucleic acid detection. In contrast, the main methodology used for protein detection within microscopic lesions is immunohistochemistry. Other methods that allow for analysis of nucleic acids within a particular cell type or individual cells, such as laser capture microdissection, are also available in some laboratories. This review gives an overview of the factors that influence the accurate analysis of nucleic acids in formalin-fixed tissues, as well as of different approaches to detect such targets. Keywords cancer, ISH, IHC, nucleic acid analysis, molecular pathology, PCR, virology Technical ConsiderationsTissue Handling, Fixation, and Embedding Fixation of tissues in 10% neutral buffered formalin, followed by paraffin embedding (FFPE), has long been the standard approach of tissue preparation for microscopic evaluation. The chemical principle of formalin fixation is based on the crosslinking of proteins. Formalin has been used extensively because it is inexpensive and excellently preserves morphological detail in histological sections. However, the relatively recent development and increasing use of both protein and nucleic acid detection methods have revealed some significant shortcomings associated with the formalin-based fixation process. The effects of formalin fixation on DNA are chemical modification, DNA trapping, and potentially DNA fragmentation. Chemical modification, considered the main effect, results from the direct cross-linking of proteins to DNA. 68 In addition, extensive protein-protein cross-linking and the formation of protein networks result in DNA trapping. The combination of these effects makes it much more difficult to extract DNA from FFPE tissue than from unfixed tissue, especially when methods used for extraction from fresh tissues are used on FFPE tissue without any modifications. 60,83 In addition to interfering with the ability to extract nucleic acid, formalin fixation also causes DNA fragmentation, especially when the formalin used is inadequately buffered, which then leads to formic acid formation during the fixation process. This, in turn, results in depurination of the DNA, which then becomes susceptible to cleavage by hydroxyl ions and results in the formation of single-stranded breaks.60 Similar to DNA, RNA is also degraded and chemically modified as the result of formalin fixation. The most important chemical effect of formalin on RNA is the formation of monomethylol groups with purine bases. 77 This has a significant effect on reverse transcription ...

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Section: Coronavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond H&E

et al. 2013

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“…Recently, a fatal, systemic disease caused by a highly virulent CCoV strain was reported, which was characterized by severe gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms [29]. The disease occurred in seven dogs housed in a pet shop in the Apulia region, Italy.…”

Section: Pantropic Canine Coronavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, outbreaks of influenza A virus, initially misdiagnosed as ITB, have been reported in the USA [45,173]. In addition, novel canine coronaviruses, a pantropic variant of CCoV type II [29] and the canine respiratory coronavirus virus, CRCoV [60], have been detected from the respiratory tract of either symptomatic or asymptomatic dogs. Canine herpesvirus and reovirus-1,-2,-3 have rarely been reported from dogs with kennel cough but are not thought to play a major role in the disease complex [86,97].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine respiratory viruses

2007

Self Cite

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-Acute contagious respiratory disease (kennel cough) is commonly described in dogs worldwide. The disease appears to be multifactorial and a number of viral and bacterial pathogens have been reported as potential aetiological agents, including canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus and Bordetella bronchiseptica, as well as mycoplasmas, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, canine herpesvirus and reovirus-1,-2 and -3. Enhancement of pathogenicity by multiple infections can result in more severe clinical forms. In addition, acute respiratory diseases associated with infection by influenza A virus, and group I and II coronaviruses, have been described recently in dogs. Host species shifts and tropism changes are likely responsible for the onset of these new pathogens. The importance of the viral agents in the kennel cough complex is discussed.

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“…CCoV type II is divided in two subtypes, CCoV-IIa (classical strains) and CCoV-IIb, with CCoV-IIb emerging as a result of a putative recombination between CCoV-IIa and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) (Ntafis et al, 2013). Different serologic (indirect ELISA, microneutralization) (Mochizuki et al, 1987;Tuchiya et al, 1991;Elia et al, 2003;Buonavoglia et al, 2006;Le Poder, 2011) and virologic (direct ELISA, cell culture, direct immunofluorescence) diagnostic methods are widely used to detect the genotypes of CCoV (Costa et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine coronavirus infection in dogs in Turkey: Virologicaland serological evidence

Avcı

Bulut

Yapici

et al. 2016

IJAR

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In the present study, virological and serological investigations were performed to determine the presence and prevalence of Canine corona virus (CCoV) infection in dog population in Turkey. Sera samples were analyzed for specific antibodies against CCoV by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) while leukocyte samples were inoculated onto monolayers of Madin Darby Canine Kidney permanent cell culture. The cells were examined for viral antigen by direct immunofluorescence (IF) test after third passage. CCoV seropositivity was found in 46 (24.46%) of 188 dogs by indirect ELISA while only one leukocyte sample (0.53%) was detected as antigen positive by IF. Seropositive and antigen identification results were considered as indication of infection. From the results of this study it can be concluded that CCoV infection is widespread in the Turkish dog population and the virus may be attributed to be one of the important viral agents in dogs. In conclusion diagnosis of CCoV is difficult because it can easily be mixed with respiratory, enteric and generalized infections by other viral, bacterial and parasitic agents, but diagnosis and the vaccine application are essential for the control and prevention of CCoV infections.

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Canine Coronavirus Highly Pathogenic for Dogs

Abstract: Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is usually responsible for mild, self-limiting infections restricted to the enteric tract. We report an outbreak of fatal disease in puppies caused by a pathogenic variant of CCoV that was isolated from organs with severe lesions.

Cited by 171 publications

References 11 publications

Beyond H&E

Beyond H&E

Canine respiratory viruses

Canine coronavirus infection in dogs in Turkey: Virologicaland serological evidence

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