Canine and Human Leishmaniasis: Disease Progression to Brazilian Urbanized Areas

C, Miguel Danilo; C, Guarnier Danilo

doi:10.23937/2643-461x/1710023

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(52 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Therefore, dogs carrying the parasite should be considered infectious for the vectors, regardless of any clinical signs [188,234]. In addition, these animals play an important role in the epidemiology of VL since a large number of animals with skin parasitism is able to infect sandflies and thus perpetuate disease transmission in urban and peri-urban areas [71,240].…”

Section: The Dog's Role In the Visceral Leishmaniasis Transmission Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Vilas-Boas,

Nakasone,

Gonçalves

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the species Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (syn=Leishmania chagasi) and Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani, which are transmitted by hematophagous in-sects of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is considered the main ur-ban reservoir of the parasite due to the high parasite load on its skin, serving as a source of infection for sand-fly vectors and, consequently, perpetuating the disease in the urban environment. Some factors are consid-ered important in the perpetuation and spread of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in urban areas, such as stray dogs with their errant behavior and houses that have backyards with trees, shade, and organic materi-als, creating an attractive environment for sandfly vectors. CVL is found in approximately 50 countries with the number of infected dogs reaching millions and, due to the difficulty of controlling and diagnosing the disease, the number of infected animals could be even greater. In the four continents endemic for CVL there are reports of disease expansion in endemic countries such as Brazil, Italy, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well as in areas where CVL is not endemic, for example, Uruguay. Socio-environmental factors, such as migration, drought, deforestation, and global warming, have been pointed out as one of the reasons for expansion to ar-eas where it had been absent. Thus, the objective of this review is to address (i) the distribution of CVL in endemic areas (ii) the role of the dog in the visceral leishmaniasis epidemiology and the factors that influence dog infection and spread of the disease, and (iii) the challenges faced in the control of CVL.

show abstract

Section: The Dog's Role In the Visceral Leishmaniasis Transmission Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Vilas-Boas,

Nakasone,

Gonçalves

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Both CL and MCL are induced by L. Braziliensis: Lutzomyia neivai, L. Whitmani, L. Cortelezzii complex (L. Cortelezzii, L. Sallesi), L. Migonei, and L. Pessoai, while V is brought on by L. Infantum was L. Longipalpis [102]. However, domestic and wild canids have been well established as the reservoir host of leishmania, with more than 20 species of the parasites being transmitted by the phlebotomine vectors (Diptera, Psychodidae); CL and VL are the two major forms of the disease where Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, L. mexicana, L. donovani causes VL in the old world, but L. infantum does so in the new world [103][104][105][106][107]. In Colombia several species of Leishmania parasites have been reported to infect humans with CL been the major form of the disease followed by MCL and VL; L. braziliensis, L. panamensis and L. guyanensis have been responsible for the outbreaks of CL; other parasites include L. lainsoni, L. amazonensis, L. infantum chagasi, L. Mexicana, L. colombiensis and L. equatoriensis, this country is ranked second only to Brazil in terms of cases of leishmaniasis [108][109][110].…”

Section: New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis

Kyari

2024

Leishmania Parasites - Epidemiology, Immunopathology and Hosts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A zoonotic illness of importance to the public’s health is leishmaniasis. Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania chagasi, Leishmania mexican, and Leishmania braziliensis are the most recognised and widely distributed leishmania parasite species, and they are also the ones that cause the disease. On every continent and in more than 90 countries, the disease is present, however it appears to be absent from Australia. The disease is spread by Phlebotomus sandflies, and people, rodents, and other domestic animals act as reservoirs and unintentional hosts. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis are the four ways the illness can present. The spread of the disease, as well as its appearance and reemergence, are caused by risk factors include regional warfare and wars, political instability, migration of people, substandard housing, climate, vegetation cover, p7oor socioeconomic standard of life, and lack of access to quality medical care. To eradicate the disease, particularly in poor nations where it is still a threat, there is a need for increased public education, government involvement, proper surveillance, and disease reporting.

show abstract

“…The protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum is the main etiological agent of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil, an endemic zoonosis commonly found in tropical countries [ 1 ]. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, ~ 3500 cases are registered annually throughout the country [ 2 ]. In Brazil, the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of L. infantum [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early detection and persistent positivity of anti-Leishmania antibodies using a recombinant protein-based ELISA in naturally infected dogs in Brazil

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, for which dogs constitute the main urban parasite reservoir. Control measures and the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) are essential to reduce VL cases. Early and accurate detection of L. infantum-infected dogs is crucial to the success of VL control. To improve the serological detection of L. infantum-exposed dogs, we evaluated the early diagnosis capacity of a recombinant protein (rLci5) in an immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect naturally infected dogs. Additionally, we evaluated the persistence of the positive results obtained by rLci5 ELISA in comparison to other conventional diagnostic test methods. Methods Serum samples obtained from 48 L. infantum-infected dogs involved in a cohort study were evaluated using different diagnostic methods (qPCR, EIE-LVC, DPP-LVC and splenic culture). The results were compared to rLci5 ELISA to determine its capacity to diagnose L. infantum infection at earlier infection time points. The persistence of positive diagnostic test results was also compared for each dog evaluated. Results rLci5 ELISA presented higher rates of positive results at early time points compared to the other diagnostic tests employed in the cohort study, as early as 24 months prior to detection by other tests. rLci5 ELISA positivity was 52.1% (25/48) at baseline, while qPCR was 35.4% (17/48), DPP-LVC 27.1% (13/48), EIE-LVC 22.9% (11/48) and culture only 4.2% (2/48). In at least one of the time points of the 24-month cohort study, rLci5 ELISA was positive in 100% (48/48) of the dogs, versus 83% (40/48) for qPCR, 75% (36/48) for DPP-LVC, 65% (31/48) for EIE-LVC and 31% (15/48) for culture. Investigating clinical signs in association with diagnostic test positivity, rLci5 ELISA successfully detected CVL in 62.9% (95/151) of the clinical evaluations with a score of 0–3, 64.3% (45/70) with scores between 4 and 7, and 73.7% (14/19) with scores > 7, providing higher rates of positivity than all other methods evaluated. Moreover, rLci5 ELISA presented the greatest persistence with respect to test positivity: 45.8% of the dogs evaluated. Conclusion Four diagnostic tests were compared to rLci5 ELISA, which presented earlier infection diagnosis and a greater persistence of positive test results. Accordingly, the use of the rLci5 ELISA can improve CVL diagnostic performance by detecting infected dogs sooner than other testing methods, with enhanced persistence of positive results over the course of the infection. Graphic abstract

show abstract

Canine and Human Leishmaniasis: Disease Progression to Brazilian Urbanized Areas

Cited by 4 publications

References 46 publications

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease

Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis

Early detection and persistent positivity of anti-Leishmania antibodies using a recombinant protein-based ELISA in naturally infected dogs in Brazil

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About