Canine and Feline Larynx and Trachea

Alexander, Kate

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-48247-9.00041-3

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Second, an elongated soft palate is a condition in which the soft palate is longer than normal to the extent that it overlaps with the tip of the epiglottis. 9 Among the dogs of the present study, the OLES was increased from the neutral head posture value when the head was in the flexed posture. With the extended head posture, the Data are presented as median (IQR).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…In dogs and humans, head rotation or oblique postures during lateral radiography result in image distortion, which affects cephalometric measurements or measurements of the upper respiratory tract. 9,28 In addition, a previous study 4 of humans revealed no significant difference in Pcrit between the neutral and rotated head postures. Therefore, quantitative evaluation of the effects of head rotation during fluoroscopy or radiography on measurements of the upper respiratory tract in dogs is needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…If the patient is oriented with the head in an oblique position, the luminal diameter of the pharynx is underestimated and the sizes of surrounding soft tissue structures, including the soft palate and laryngeal cartilages, are overestimated. 9 As a result of poor assessment technique, structures can be mistaken for masses, and suboptimal positioning can make it difficult to diagnose upper respiratory tract diseases. 9 In human and veterinary medicine, it is a wellknown fact that head posture has an influence on the upper respiratory tract.…”

Section: Conclusion and Clinical Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 As a result of poor assessment technique, structures can be mistaken for masses, and suboptimal positioning can make it difficult to diagnose upper respiratory tract diseases. 9 In human and veterinary medicine, it is a wellknown fact that head posture has an influence on the upper respiratory tract. The Pcrit refers to the pressure at which pharyngeal airflow is occluded and is primarily used as an index for pharyngeal collapsibility.…”

Section: Conclusion and Clinical Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluoroscopic evaluation of laryngopharyngeal anatomic variations attributable to head posture in dogs

Kim

Chung

et al. 2021

ajvr

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Conclusion and Clinical Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Clinical Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Fluoroscopic evaluation of laryngopharyngeal anatomic variations attributable to head posture in dogs

Kim

Chung

et al. 2021

ajvr

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“…The widths of the proximal pair of third ribs (PR3-Ws) appeared most likely unequal on the lateral radiographic view. This inequality could be attributed to the possibility of minimal tilting of the dog during radiographic positioning [ 3 , 5 , 18 ] which may have biased the PR3-TS procedure. In addition, utilizing a too-small PR3-W to calculate PR3-TS was found to be more prone to errors compared to using thoracic-inlet distance to calculate (Ti-TS) [ 5 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiographic determination of the tracheal indices at caudal cervical, thoracic-inlet, and intra-thoracic trachea in non-bulldog brachycephalic breeds without evidence of cardiorespiratory disease

Mostafa,

Berry

2023

BMC Vet Res

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Background Congenital tracheal hypoplasia is a component of airway syndrome affecting a wide variety of brachycephalic dog breeds. Several radiographic procedures were utilized to assess vertical tracheal diameter (VTD) in dogs. The objective of this study was to calculate the tracheal indices at the caudal cervical, thoracic-inlet, and intra-thoracic tracheal regions on the right lateral thoracic radiograph to further establish a screening protocol for diagnosis of tracheal hypoplasia in non-bulldog brachycephalic breeds. Dogs without clinical or radiographic evidence of tracheal, respiratory, or cardiovascular abnormalities were investigated. The absolute and average VTDs were normalized by manubrium length (ML), thoracic-inlet distance (Ti-D), and proximal 3rd rib width (PR3-W). Manubrium-tracheal index (M-TI), thoracic inlet-tracheal index (Ti-TI), and proximal R3-tracheal score (PR3-TS) were calculated. Correlations between averaged VTD and each of the normalizing parameters (ML, Ti-D, and PR3-W), and between M-TI and each of the previously established procedures (Ti-TI and PR3-TS) were determined. Results Eighty healthy subjects met the inclusion criteria for the study. There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.0001) among the means of absolute and normalized VTDs at the 3 tracheal levels. The smallest VTD was identified at the thoracic inlet. The average tracheal diameter showed a better correlation with ML (rs=0.81, P < 0.0001) compared to Ti-D and PR3-W. There was a strong correlation (rs=0.83, P < 0.0001) between the averaged M-TI and Ti-TI. Conclusion Radiographic M-TI could be an alternative to traditional procedures to assess the tracheal lumen in non-bulldog brachycephalic dogs. M-TI < 0.39, < 0.30, or < 0.34 at caudal cervical, thoracic inlet, or intrathoracic trachea, respectively, may indicate tracheal hypoplasia in non-bulldog brachycephalic breeds. Screening of tracheal diameter using M-TI should be recommended. However, further investigation of non-bulldog brachycephalic breeds with cardiac and/or respiratory disease is indicated.

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Canine and Feline Larynx and Trachea

Cited by 2 publications

References 67 publications

Fluoroscopic evaluation of laryngopharyngeal anatomic variations attributable to head posture in dogs

Fluoroscopic evaluation of laryngopharyngeal anatomic variations attributable to head posture in dogs

Radiographic determination of the tracheal indices at caudal cervical, thoracic-inlet, and intra-thoracic trachea in non-bulldog brachycephalic breeds without evidence of cardiorespiratory disease

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