Canine and Feline Diabetes Mellitus: Nature or Nurture?

Rand, Jacquie; Fleeman, L. M.; Farrow, H. A.; Appleton, D. J.; Lederer, R.

doi:10.1093/jn/134.8.2072s

Cited by 217 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…The rate of progression to absolute insulin deficiency has not been studied extensively, although C-peptide values in the newly diagnosed are higher than in longer duration animals [40]. Canine diabetes might therefore be comparable to the latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult form of type 1 diabetes in man [41], which is characterised by slowly progressive beta cell destruction [42].…”

Section: Insulin Deficiency Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine diabetes mellitus: can old dogs teach us new tricks?

et al. 2005

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Section: Insulin Deficiency Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine diabetes mellitus: can old dogs teach us new tricks?

et al. 2005

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“…Especially, diabetes in cats is similar to that in humans pathophysiologically and clinically [18]. However, in contrast with growing interest in obesity itself and obesity-related metabolic and endocrine diseases in human medicine, a limited number of information have been available on these subjects, particularly on adipokines in the dog and cat [5].…”

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Feline Adiponectin: Molecular Structures and Plasma Concentrations in Obese Cats

et al. 2009

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ABSTRACT. Adiponectin is an adipokine that is specifically expressed in adipose tissues, directly sensitizes the body to insulin via specific receptors and its decreased plasma concentration is responsible for insulin resistance in obese humans. Diabetes is an important problem also in veterinary medicine, and feline diabetes is very similar to human type 2 diabetes, in which obesity is an important risk factor. In the present study, We obtained cDNA clones corresponding to feline adiponectin and adiponectin receptor 1 (AD-R1), whose nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were highly identical to those of other species, especially, the extra-cellular domain of feline AD-R1 was almost identical to that of human AD-R1. Adiponectin mRNA was exclusively detected in the adipose tissue, but AD-R1 was in all tissues tested in this study. Next, plasma samples were collected from 22 cats visiting veterinary practices. They were divided to 2 groups based on a five-point scale body condition score (BCS), such as normal group (BCS ranged from 2.5 through 3.5) and obese group (BCS ranged from 4.0 through 5.0). Plasma adiponectin in obese cats (7.2 ± 1.5 µg/ml) was significantly lower than that of normal cats (18.0 ± 3.2 µg/ml). These results suggest that adiponectin may be responsible for insulin function also in the cat, and it can be a target molecule for treatment of obesity and diabetes in cats. KEY WORDS: adiponectin, AD-R1, diabetes, feline, obesity.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71(2): 189-194, 2009 The adipose tissue has long been thought to be the site for energy storage and a target of various hormones, which regulate energy metabolism. However, recent studies have revealed that the adipose tissue itself is an active endocrine organ, which produces and secretes many polypeptides, collectively called as adipokines, such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and resistin [1]. For example, leptin is secreted from adipose tissues in response to changes in energy balance, acts on hypothalamus to regulate food intake and the neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling energy expenditure [4]. Adiponectin is an adipokine found at almost three-order higher concentrations in blood than other adipokines [6], and its plasma concentration decreases with body fat accumulation [2]. It is now recognized as one of the key adipokines responsible for obesity-associated atherosclerosis and insulin resistance (diabetes mellitus of type 2) in humans [2,3]. Recently, two isoforms of adiponectin receptors (AD-R1 and AD-R2) were determined by expression cloning, and they showed different tissue distributions. AD-R1 is expressed ubiquitously in most organs including skeletal muscle, and thought to be important to keep the insulin sensitivity. In obese people, it is suggested that reduced adiponectin induces insulin resistance, and it is the major pathophysiological factor of diabetes [12,21].In companion animal medicine, as in human medicine, obesity and diabetes mellitus are the most common nutritional/endocrinol...

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“…Type 1 DM (> 50% of DM cases) appears to be the most common form of canine diabetes [45], and insulin injections are commonly used as an effective treatment for long-term glycemic control, as is the case with humans [17]. It has been previously demonstrated that intensive insulin treatment can substantially reduce the onset and progression of diabetic complications in human patients suffering from type 1 DM [14].…”

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confidence: 99%

Successful Intensive Insulin Treatment of Type 1 Diabetic Dogs Leads to Restoration of Peripheral Leukocyte Insulin Signaling Gene Expression and Enzyme Activities

Mori

Lee

Sako

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intensive insulin treatment of dogs suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus, resulting in tight glycemic control, could be reflected by changes in peripheral leukocyte metabolism. Specifically, plasma metabolites and enzyme activities were assessed. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine changes in insulin signaling gene (insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) P85) mRNA levels in peripheral leukocytes. Lastly, leukocyte enzymes involved in cellular energy metabolism were examined for changes in glucose utilization. Our results indicated that intensive insulin treatment was successful in type 1 DM dogs, leading to tight glycemic control. The mean glucose concentration and glycated albumin percentage significantly decreased to 156 mg/dl and 15.6%, respectively, following treatment. In peripheral leukocytes, the IRS-2 and PI3-K p85 mRNA levels significantly increased, and a significant increase in pyruvate kinase and pyruvate carboxylase activity, two enzymes involved in cellular energy metabolism, was also observed post treatment. Therefore, the observed changes in insulin signaling pathway activity and cellular energy metabolism enzyme activity in peripheral leukocytes are considered to be characteristics of amelioration of glucose metabolism by insulin action. As such, peripheral leukocytes are sufficiently sensitive to monitor for improving glycemic control during intensive insulin treatment of type 1 DM dogs. Blood cells such as leukocytes are much more readily available than muscle or adipose tissue for studies in dogs.KEY WORDS: diabetes mellitus, dogs, insulin receptor substrate, intensive glycemic control, leukocytes.

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Canine and Feline Diabetes Mellitus: Nature or Nurture?

Cited by 217 publications

References 82 publications

Canine diabetes mellitus: can old dogs teach us new tricks?

Canine diabetes mellitus: can old dogs teach us new tricks?

Feline Adiponectin: Molecular Structures and Plasma Concentrations in Obese Cats

Successful Intensive Insulin Treatment of Type 1 Diabetic Dogs Leads to Restoration of Peripheral Leukocyte Insulin Signaling Gene Expression and Enzyme Activities

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