Canine amniotic membrane derived mesenchymal stem cells exosomes addition in canine sperm freezing medium

Abstract

Exosomes have been discovered in 1983 (Pan and Johnstone, 1983) and are defined as 40-100 nm extracellular vesicles originating from the fusion of multi-vesicular bodies, also referred to as late endosomes, with the plasma membrane. They are known to mediate cell-to-cell communication as they can carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, providing through that cargo a paracrine effect to the recipient tissues or cells (Mitchell et al., 2019). Thus, stem cell-derived exosomes have been used as a shuttle in cell-free therapies for the treatment of different conditions such as kidney diseases (Dorronsoro and Robbins, 2013) or osteoarthritis (Zhang et al., 2019). Among stem cell types, perinatal tissue-derived stem cells are a good alternative to embryonic stem cells as they are obtained without major ethical issues since they come from discarded fetal annexa, but the use of their secretome is still not common as there are over 30 clinical trials using perinatal tissue-derived stem cells but less than 10 trials using their derived exosomes (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). Among the perinatal tissues, the amniotic membrane is a good source of mesenchymal stem cells (Alviano et al., 2007) but the use of these stem cells or their derived exosomes is not as spread out as the other stem cells types, although they have the same properties and their secretome is as rich in growth and anti-apoptotic factors (An et al., 2017).

Mesenchymal Stem-Cell Derived Exosome Therapy as a Potential Future Approach for Treatment of Male Infertility Caused by Chlamydia Infection

“…According to animal studies, exosomes appear to be a promising avenue to restore spermatogenesis and sperm regeneration; a study has shown that amniotic fluid-derived exosome can restore sperm parameters such as motility, concentration, as well as the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and ultimately male fertility ( Mobarak et al, 2021 ). The protective effect of exosomes against sperm cryoinjuries (such as cell membrane injury, DNA damage) and oxidative stress produced by cryopreservation process and improvement of the post-thaw sperm parameters has been reported ( Qamar et al, 2019 ; Mahiddine et al, 2020 ). Interestingly, treatment of spermatozoa with MSC-derived exosomes, in addition to improving sperm parameters after frozen-thawed, can increase sperm adhesive and fusogenic properties by adhesion molecules shuttling such as CD44, CD29, CD54, and CD106 ( Mokarizadeh et al, 2013 ; Figure 2 ).…”

Semen evaluation: methodological advancements in sperm quality-specific fertility assessment

“…Methods used for analyzing sperm plasma membrane are normally based on the enhanced permeability of damaged membrane [ 107 ]. These methods include the hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test [ 108 , 109 ], eosin–nigrosin staining [ 110 , 111 ], and use of fluorescent probes [ 112 , 113 ]. Fluorescent probes such as Hoechst or propidium-iodide (PI) are either used alone or in combination with other permeable fluorochromes such as carboxyfluorescein diacetate or SYBR [ 114 – 116 ].…”

The Current Trends in Using Nanoparticles, Liposomes, and Exosomes for Semen Cryopreservation

“…The amplitude of lateral head displacement also improved in exosome-treated dog spermatozoa [137]. Interestingly, stem-cell-derived conditioned medium and exosomes improved motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, and membrane integrity post-thawing in canine semen cryopreservation [144,145].…”