Cane Sugar Refining

Nucleation in Sucrose Solutions

“…Although these figures are approximate only, in the sense that they merely represent conditions under which crystallization becomes visibly appreciable under ordinary operating and experimental conditions, they form a very practical working guide for the sugar boiler (8,14). The division points are elevated considerably if precautions are taken to exclude foreign or heterogeneous nucleation (IS, 2S), and if the purity of the sirup is decreased (4, 28).…”

“…Seeding was instantaneous in the dusty air of the towns, but it could not be observed on mountain tops. The interesting history of the early nucleation experiments has been summarized by Ostwald (14). As little as 10~ls gram is enough to produce homogeneous nucleation, forming Na2SO,.10H2O (11).…”

Decarbonisation of calcium carbonate at atmospheric temperatures and pressures, with simultaneous CO2 capture, through production of sodium carbonate

“…In UO10 of Process A and UO8 of Process B, hydrated sodium carbonate will convert to anhydrous above B90 1C. 7 In UO2 of Process B it is proposed that additional NaOH can also be added at this stage, along with water and temperature control, to shift chemical equilibrium if necessary.…”

“…Limestone, which makes up 1.5% of the Earth's crust 1 and is geographically widespread, is among the world's most essential resources since it is primarily composed of the mineral calcite (CaCO 3 ) and finds use in major industries: (1) the construction industry as a key ingredient for cement, 2,3 (2) the metallurgical industry for the refinement of steel through the production of slags, 4,5 (3) the chemical industry for the neutralisation/capture of gaseous effluents (including CO 2 ), 6 and (4) the food industry for the separation of impurities during sugar refining. 7 These major industrial applications of limestone involve its calcination which leads to the liberation of embodied carbon dioxide and yields CaO (lime):…”

Wrought Copper and Copper-Base Alloys

“…The same electron-diffraction pattern is obtained from stearic and other fatty acids. Shearon et al (131) in describing the sugar cane refining process used at the Imperial Sugar Co. reported that "in general all equipment for handling first liquors is copper. "…”