Candidate
            <i>Treponema Pallidum</i>
            Biomarkers Uncovered in Urine from Individuals with Syphilis Using Mass Spectrometry

Osbak, Kara; Raemdonck, Geert A. Van; Dom, Martin; Cameron, Caroline E.; Meehan, Conor J.; Deforce, Dieter; Ostade, Xaveer Van; Kenyon, Chris; Dhaenens, Maarten

doi:10.2217/fmb-2018-0182

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Technology research and development of PCR emerges in endlessly, which aims at promoting efficiency by labeling different targets or simplifying operation by using novel probes . Moreover, a specimen urine has been considered as useless, but now has been demonstrated to contain an uncovered candidate biomarkers of T. pallidum, as stated, “garbage is the wealth of been misplaced.” What’s more, PCR has been verified it is helpful in the early phase by many researchers above‐mentioned and the LAMP has also demonstrated capability in detecting T. pallidum in peripheral blood. Therefore, we prefer to think that PCR detection is a very potential test for syphilis diagnosis still needs improvement.…”

Section: Discussion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCR detection for syphilis diagnosis: Status and prospects

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2019

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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Syphilis, a re‐emerging public health problem worldwide caused by Treponema pallidum subsp pallidum (T. pallidum), usually induces systemic and chronic inflammation in hosts who do not receive timely therapy after exposing to high‐risk factors such as leprous sexual contact. Before the treatment, rapid and accurate detection of syphilis is essential. However, the existing detection methods, which focus on the treponemal or non‐treponemal antibody test, both have inherent limitations. For instance, both of them cannot distinguish the stage and severity of syphilis. Non‐treponemal test such as RPR, which is generally deemed to be used for assessing treatment response, is influenced by biological false positives. Therefore, it is imperative to seek out a new and effective diagnostic test. With recent advancements in molecular biology and whole‐genome sequencing, the molecular diagnosis has increased in popularity, especially the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Here, we firstly present a mini‐review on the research of PCR detection methods used for syphilis diagnosis over the past decade, and we then compare these methodologies to assess their potential and the challenges faced. This information can provide a fresh perspective to help researchers address the current challenges.

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Section: Discussion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCR detection for syphilis diagnosis: Status and prospects

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2019

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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“…pallidum . It is primarily transmitted either through sexual contact or by vertical, transplacental migration, resulting in congenital syphilis [9, 44, 45]. Due to the known limitation of working with this pathogen, investigators have heavily relied on comparative genomics to identify putative-surface-exposed virulence factors of this pathogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of host cell binding specificity mediated by the Tp0136 adhesin of the syphilis agent Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum

2019

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Background Syphilis affects approximately 11 million people each year globally, and is the third most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the United States. Inability to independently culture and genetically manipulate Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum , the causative agent of this disease, has hindered our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of syphilis pathogenesis. Here, we used the non-infectious and poorly adherent B314 strain of the Lyme disease-causing spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi , to express two variants of a known fibronectin-binding adhesin, Tp0136, from T . pallidum SS14 and Nichols strains. Using this surrogate system, we investigated the ability of Tp0136 in facilitating differential binding to mammalian cell lines offering insight into the possible role of this virulence factor in colonization of specific tissues by T . pallidum during infection. Principal findings Expression of Tp0136 could be detected on the surface of B . burgdorferi by indirect immunofluorescence assay using sera from a secondary syphilis patient that does not react with intact B314 spirochetes transformed with the empty vector. Increase in Tp0136-mediated adherence of B314 strain to human epithelial HEK293 cells was observed with comparable levels of binding exhibited by both Tp0136 alleles. Adherence of Tp0136-expressing B314 was highest to epithelial HEK293 and C6 glioma cells. Gain in binding of B314 strain expressing Tp0136 to purified fibronectin and poor binding of these spirochetes to the fibronectin-deficient cell line (HEp-2) indicated that Tp0136 interaction with this host receptor plays an important role in spirochetal attachment to mammalian cells. Furthermore, preincubation of these cell lines with fibronectin-binding peptide from Staphylococcus aureus FnbA-2 protein significantly inhibited binding of B314 expressing Tp0136. Conclusions Our results show that Tp0136 facilitates differential level of binding to cell lines representing various host tissues, which highlights the importance of this protein in colonization of human organs by T . pallidum and resulting syphilis pathogenesis.

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“…Considering little is known about the T. pallidum proteome, MS is needed to explore protein expression during infection. Recently investigators reported four unique T. pallidum proteins in four different urine pools from individuals infected with syphilis ( Osbak et al., 2018 ) ( Table 4 ). Unique proteins can be used to predict cellular localization and function, suggesting that this method might constitute a promising assay to detect T. pallidum.…”

Section: Detection Of Treponema Pallidum Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Diagnostic Tools for Syphilis: Current Status and Future Prospects

Luo

Xie

Xiao

2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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With the increasing number of patients infected with syphilis in the past 20 years, early diagnosis and early treatment are essential to decline syphilis prevalence. Owing to its diverse manifestations, which may occur in other infections, the disease often makes clinicians confused. Therefore, a sensitive method for detecting T. pallidum is fundamental for the prompt diagnosis of syphilis. Morphological observation, immunohistochemical assay, rabbit infectivity test, serologic tests, and nucleic acid amplification assays have been applied to the diagnosis of syphilis. Morphological observation, including dark-field microscopy, silver-staining, and direct fluorescent antibody staining for T. pallidum, can be used as a direct detection method for chancre specimens in primary syphilis. Immunohistochemistry is a highly sensitive and specific assay, especially in the lesion biopsies from secondary syphilis. Rabbit infectivity test is considered as a sensitive and reliable method for detecting T. pallidum in clinical samples and used as a historical standard for the diagnosis of syphilis. Serologic tests for syphilis are widely adopted using non-treponemal or treponemal tests by either the traditional or reverse algorithm and remain the gold standard in the diagnosis of syphilis patients. In addition, nucleic acid amplification assay is capable of detecting T. pallidum DNA in the samples from patients with syphilis. Notably, PCR is probably a promising method but remains to be further improved. All of the methods mentioned above play important roles in various stages of syphilis. This review aims to provide a summary of the performance characteristics of detection methods for syphilis.

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Candidate Treponema Pallidum Biomarkers Uncovered in Urine from Individuals with Syphilis Using Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 16 publications

References 53 publications

PCR detection for syphilis diagnosis: Status and prospects

PCR detection for syphilis diagnosis: Status and prospects

Analysis of host cell binding specificity mediated by the Tp0136 adhesin of the syphilis agent Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum

Laboratory Diagnostic Tools for Syphilis: Current Status and Future Prospects

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