Candida and Candidiasis—Opportunism Versus Pathogenicity: A Review of the Virulence Traits

Ciurea, Cristina Nicoleta; Kosovski, Irina-Bianca; Mare, Anca Delia; Toma, Felicia; Pintea-Simon, Ionela Anca; Man, Adrian

doi:10.3390/microorganisms8060857

Cited by 88 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(133 reference statements)

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“…It is characterized by the morphological transition of blastospores into hyphae, and the transitional form between are pseudohyphae [ 18 , 19 ]. Asexual spores, chlamydospores, are formed under adverse conditions and are three to four times bigger than blastospores [ 12 ]. The morphological transition of C. albicans begins with the budding of blastospores and the formation of new cells.…”

Section: Virulence Factors Of Candida Albicansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The control of the infection source and early initiation of treatment with effective systemic antifungal therapy, usually before the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis is confirmed, is crucial for successfully treating invasive candidiasis [ 141 , 167 ]. Source control refers to removing the infection source, such as removing contaminated intravascular catheters, drainage of peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, or abscesses [ 12 , 168 ]. To successfully treat the infection, it is sometimes necessary to remove infected prosthetic devices, such as a pacemaker, an artificial joint, or other prosthetic devices, if possible [ 169 ].…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its role is to protect the cell from stressful conditions in the environment, such as osmotic changes, dehydration, and temperature changes, and protect the cells from the host’s immune defense [ 10 , 11 ]. It is also responsible for adhesion to the host cell, with adhesion proteins such as Als1-7, Als9, and Hwp1 [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Talapko

Juzbašić

Matijević³

et al. 2021

JoF

211

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Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals’ skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida’s normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida’s virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia–invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.

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Section: Virulence Factors Of Candida Albicansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Talapko

Juzbašić

Matijević³

et al. 2021

JoF

211

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“…This opportunistic fungus has developed a wide network of adaptations in order to survive and spread throughout human organism. It can group into biofilms, transit between yeast and hyphal morphology, and produce hydrolytic enzymes [6]. On the other hand, C. albicans also uses certain adaptation traits, including increased expression of CDR1 and ERG11 genes, to avoid elimination by antifungal therapeutics [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavones, Flavonols, and Glycosylated Derivatives—Impact on Candida albicans Growth and Virulence, Expression of CDR1 and ERG11, Cytotoxicity

Ivanov

Kannan²,

Stojković

et al. 2020

Pharmaceuticals

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Due to the high incidence of fungal infections worldwide, there is an increasing demand for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. A wide range of natural products has been extensively studied, with considerable focus on flavonoids. The antifungal capacity of selected flavones (luteolin, apigenin), flavonols (quercetin), and their glycosylated derivatives (quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin, and apigetrin) along with their impact on genes encoding efflux pumps (CDR1) and ergosterol biosynthesis enzyme (ERG11) has been the subject of this study. Cytotoxicity of flavonoids towards primary liver cells has also been addressed. Luteolin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, and rutin inhibited growth of Candida albicans with the minimal inhibitory concentration of 37.5 µg/mL. The application of isoquercitrin has reduced C. albicans biofilm establishing capacities for 76%, and hyphal formation by yeast. In vitro treatment with apigenin, apigetrin, and quercitrin has downregulated CDR1. Contrary to rutin and apigenin, isoquercitrin has upregulated ERG11. Except apigetrin and quercitrin (90 µg/mL and 73 µg/mL, respectively inhibited 50% of the net cell growth), the examined flavonoids did not exhibit cytotoxicity. The reduction of both fungal virulence and expression of antifungal resistance-linked genes was the most pronounced for apigenin and apigetrin; these results indicate flavonoids’ indispensable capacity for further development as part of an anticandidal therapy or prevention strategy.

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“…Candidiasis is classified as either superficial or invasive in cases of meningitis, visceral infection, and candidemia (Table 1) (Ciurea et al, 2020). The favored areas of involvement for superficial cutaneous candidiasis are the skin folds, genital and oral mucosa, periungual shafts, and nails.…”

Section: Accepted Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: opportunistic infections and microsporidioses

et al. 2021

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After cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases are the second most common cause of death worldwide. Although these infections are caused mainly by viruses or bacteria, a systematically growing prevalence of human and animal opportunistic fungal infections is noticeable worldwide. More attention is being paid to this problem, especially due to the growing frequency of recalcitrant and recurrent mycoses. The latter are classically divided into superficial, which are the most common type, subcutaneous, and systemic. This work discusses opportunistic fungal pathogens without proven horizontal transmission between different animal species including humans and microsporidia as spore-forming unicellular parasites related to fungi; however, with a yet undetermined taxonomic position. The review also mentions etiological agents, risk factors, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and finally symptoms characteristic for individual disease entities. This paper provides insight into fungal infections from a global perspective and Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved simultaneously draws attention to emerging pathogens, whose prevalence is continuously increasing. Finally, this work also takes into consideration the correct nomenclature of fungal disease entities and the importance of secondary metabolites in the pathogenesis of fungal infections.

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Candida and Candidiasis—Opportunism Versus Pathogenicity: A Review of the Virulence Traits

Cited by 88 publications

References 115 publications

Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Flavones, Flavonols, and Glycosylated Derivatives—Impact on Candida albicans Growth and Virulence, Expression of CDR1 and ERG11, Cytotoxicity

A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: opportunistic infections and microsporidioses

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