Cancers of the Female Reproductive System

Serum Dioxin Concentrations and Age at Menopause

“…Each woman was categorized by menopausal status using the following definitions: premenopause, if the woman was still menstruating or if she had amenorrhea due to pregnancy or lactation at the time of interview with evidence of subsequent menstruation from the menstrual diary or exam; natural menopause, if the woman had ≥12 months of amenorrhea not due to other obvious causes such as pregnancy, lactation, and medical conditions [World Health Organization (WHO) Scientific Group 1996); surgical menopause, if the woman had a medical-record–confirmed hysterectomy and/or a unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy; impending menopause, if the woman menstruated within 12 months, but not in the 2 months before interview or exam, whichever was most recent, and if her amenorrhea could not be explained by pregnancy, lactation, or other medical conditions; perimenopause, if the woman did not menstruate within the last 2 months before interview or exam but either gave evidence of subsequent menstruation in her menstrual diary or on ultrasound exam her endometrial lining was classified as secretory, indicating ovulation and impending menses, or if the woman reported cycles becoming less predictable (either irregular or longer) in the previous 2–5 years (a woman was not classified as perimenopausal if she reported a return to a regular cycle, if there was evidence only for a single irregular cycle, or if the irregularity was attributable to another cause); and other menopausal status, if the woman’s menopausal status could not be determined because of current oral contraceptive (OC) or other hormone use (including hormone replacement therapy) or previous chemotherapy for cancer.…”

“…The age of onset of menopause is believed to reflect the rate of atrophy of the ovarian follicles. Alterations in age at menopause can have important health implications because women with early menopause are at higher risk for osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive cancers (Bradsher and McKinlay 2000; Karagas et al 2000). …”

Fetal Doppler for prediction of adverse perinatal outcome in preeclampsia in a low resource setting

“…Procope reported the incidence as 17.2% and Karagas et al found it to be 11.7%. 17,18 In the present study 2 cases of adenomyosis were observed but one of them was associated with leiomyoma uterus and the other one with carcinoma cervix. Arati et al, found 17.85% of atrophic endometrium, leiomyoma in 5.71%, adenomyosis in 1.43%, endometrial hyperplasia in 10% and polyps in 5% of cases.…”

“…19 Other authors have also reported large percentage of women in whom either atrophic or insufficient endometrium was obtained, but in contrast to Brewer and Miller, they attributed to atrophic endometrium. 19 It was reported 20% by Pacheco and Kempers, 20.5% by Procope and 11.9% nu Karagas et al 13,16,18 With increased life span the incidence of postmenopausal bleeding is on rise. Since the incidence of malignancy is quite high, any bleeding in that age group should be evaluated in the line of malignancy unless otherwise proved.…”