“…In the Western world, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and fatty liver disease resulting in chronic inflammation of the biliary tree represent the most common predisposing conditions for CCA [8,9]. Other proposed risk factors include alcohol consumption [10], diabetes mellitus [10,11], opisthorchiasis (hepatobiliary flukes) [12,13], choledochal cysts [14], chronic hepatitis B and C [10,15], obesity [10,15,16], cirrhosis [10], hepatolithiasis [17], and chemical carcinogens [5].…”