Cancer Risk of Air Pollution: Epidemiological Evidence

Hemminki, Kari; Pershagen, Göran

doi:10.2307/3431951

Cited by 62 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This agrees with the statement that cancer risks under conditions of exposure to moderate or low pollution levels are currently less clear and often contradictory, with some epidemiological studies showing a lack of association and others showing increased risks of up to approximately 1.5 times (Hemminki and Pershagen, 1994). It is possible that the residue levels of PTSs in this industrial area had not reached the level that would increase the risk of having cancer, and it is speculated that air particles, diet, etc., can be the primary means of PTS exposure to humans in the chemical industry park (Abrahams, 2002).…”

Section: Impacting Factors On Human Healthsupporting

confidence: 78%

Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China

Lü

Shi

et al. 2011

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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Soil is an important environmental medium that is closely associated with humans and their health. Despite this, very few studies have measured toxicants in soils, and associated them with health risks in humans. An assessment of health effects from exposure to contaminants in soils surrounding industrial areas of chemical production and storage is important. This article aims at determining pollution characteristics of persistent toxic substances (PTS) in an industrial area in China to unravel the relationship between soil pollution by PTS and human health. One hundred and five soil samples were collected and 742 questionnaires were handed out to residents living in and around an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in Northern China. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in soil. Mann-Whitney U and binary multivariate nonconditional logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship between health indicators of local residents and contaminant levels. Odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for health incidences were also calculated. The average concentrations of DDT (73.9 ng/g), HCH (654 ng/g) and PAHs (1225 ng/g) were relatively high in the industrial area. Residents living in the chemical industry parks were exposed to a higher levels of PTS than those living outside the chemical industry parks. This exposure was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.12-30.06), stomach cancer (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.26-13.41), dermatitis (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05-2.80), gastroenteritis (OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.94-2.68), and pneumonia (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.58-1.89).

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Section: Impacting Factors On Human Healthsupporting

confidence: 78%

Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China

Lü

Shi

et al. 2011

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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“…Nonetheless, these estimates suggest a considerable risk associated with exposure to PAHs, especially in light of the fact that the U.S. EPA considers a cancer risk of between 1 in 100,000-1,000,000 as not significant; the State of California's Proposition 65 program (State of California 1986) uses 1 in 100,000 as the no-significant-risk level. This estimate can be compared with an estimate of cancer risk associated with urban life in industrialized nations (Hemminki and Pershagen 1994). These workers calculated a risk of one cancer case per million people per year among urban residents exposed to an average ambient air concentration of 0.7 ng BaP/m 3 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of particulate organic matter from the Paso del Norte airshed along the U.S.-Mexico border.

Arrieta

Ontiveros

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

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In this study, we determined the biologic activity of dichloromethane-extracted particulate matter < 10 micro m in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) obtained from filters at three sites in the Paso del Norte airshed, which includes El Paso, Texas, USA; Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, and Sunland Park, New Mexico, USA. The extracts were rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and had significant biologic activity, measured using two in vitro assay systems: ethoxyresorufin-(O-deethylase (EROD) induction and the aryl hydrocarbon-receptor luciferase reporter system. In most cases, both EROD (5.25 pmol/min/mg protein) and luciferase activities (994 relative light units/mg) were highest in extracts from the Advance site located in an industrial neighborhood in Juarez. These values represented 58% and 55%, respectively, of induction associated with 1 micro M ss-naphthoflavone exposures. In contrast, little activity was observed at the Northeast Clinic site in El Paso, the reference site. In most cases, luciferase and EROD activity from extracts collected from the Tillman Health Center site, situated in downtown El Paso, fell between those observed at the other two sites. Overall, a statistically significant correlation existed between PM10 and EROD and luciferase activities. Chemical analysis of extracts collected from the Advance site demonstrated that concentrations of most PAHs were higher than those reported in most other metropolitan areas in the United States. Calculations made with these data suggest a cancer risk of 5-12 cases per 100,000 people. This risk estimate, as well as comparisons with the work of other investigators, raises concern regarding the potential for adverse health effects to the residents of this airshed. Further work is needed to understand the sources, exposure, and effects of PM10 and particulate organic material in the Paso del Norte airshed.

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“…Some of this cancer is probably due to carcinogenic air pollutants, although a higher rate of smoking in cities and other factors also contribute (Ehrenberg et al 1985;Hemminki and Pershagen 1994;Törnqvist and Ehrenberg 1994). For the pollution levels prevailing around 1980, it has been estimated that approximately 100 cases of lung cancer annually in Sweden (out of 2,500) are related to carcinogenic air pollutants that originate mainly from different combustion sources (Swedish Cancer Committee 1984).…”

Section: Pahs In Ambient Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer Risk Assessment, Indicators, and Guidelines for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air

Boström¹,

Gerde²,

Hanberg³

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

873

459

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Cancer Risk of Air Pollution: Epidemiological Evidence

Cited by 62 publications

References 16 publications

Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China

Environmental pollution by persistent toxic substances and health risk in an industrial area of China

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of particulate organic matter from the Paso del Norte airshed along the U.S.-Mexico border.

Cancer Risk Assessment, Indicators, and Guidelines for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air

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