Cancer risk in Parkinson disease: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder that is known to cause progressive impairment of voluntary motor control [1]. The prevalence of PD has doubled over the past 3 decades, with an estimated 6.1 million individuals living with PD in 2016 [2]. The risk of developing PD increases with age, from 1% of the population older than 60 years to 5% of the population older than 85 years [3,4]. In PD patients, there is loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, which is crucial for normal movement coordination [5]. As such, PD patients suffer from motor symptoms including resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability, and rigidity. Additionally, nonmotor symptoms such as neurobehavioral complications, autonomic dysfunction, and sensory problems are commonly reported among PD patients [1]. Various cellular mechanisms including mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired autophagy, oxidative stress, accumulation of misfolded protein, and genetic mutations have been suggested to contribute to the neurodegeneration in PD [6,7].

Identification of a novel cellular senescence-related signature for the prediction of prognosis and immunotherapy response in colon cancer

“…“PARKINSONS DISEASE” and “HUNTINGTONS DISEASE” were significantly enriched in cluster B. Patients with neurodegenerative diseases were considered to be at low risk of developing cancer ( Leong et al, 2021 ; Panegyres and Chen, 2021 ). In contrast, the enriched pathways in cluster C were involved in the development and metastasis of cancer ( Zhao et al, 2018 ; Bao et al, 2019 ; Pudełko et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2021 ).…”

Global Association of Cause-specific Mortality between the Major Gastrointestinal Cancers and Parkinson’s Disease for the First Two Decades of the New Millennium

“…Shared environmental risk factors, besides aging [ 3 ], are obesity, diabetes, alcohol abuse, smoking and possibly the gut microbiome [ 4 - 6 ]. Epidemiological data suggest an inverse correlation between PD and cancer [ 7 ], even a significantly lower cancer occurrence in PD patients [ 8 , 9 ]. In addition to the opposing biological mechanisms of both diseases, pharmacological treatment seems to contribute to this interrelationship, too [ 9 ].…”

The implication of cardio-oncology on Parkinson's disease: answers begin to emerge

“… 3 , 4 , 5 In addition, molecular mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired autophagy, oxidative stress, and genetic mutations are implicated in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. 6 Available therapies for PD only affect the symptoms of the disease and mainly focus on the dopaminergic pathway. 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 The most common non-motor symptoms associated with PD involve neurobehavioral complications, sensory problems, and autonomic dysfunction.…”

“… 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 The most common non-motor symptoms associated with PD involve neurobehavioral complications, sensory problems, and autonomic dysfunction. 6 Several studies have found autonomic dysfunction to be a valuable predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in PD patients. 8 , 9 Despite the tremendous clinical and epidemiological relevance of these studies, Sudden Death in PD (SUDPAR), a rare but fatal event, contributes to the increased mortality in PD patients.…”

“… 14 , 16 On the one hand, an increased incidence of melanoma and other skin tumors, brain cancer, thyroid, and breast cancer has been demonstrated in PD patients. 6 , 17 On the other hand, other studies showed that PD is associated with a significantly reduced risk of lung cancer, genitourinary cancers, gastrointestinal cancers, and hematological cancers. 6 , 17 Although these data are controversial, there is a putative link between PD and cancer that requires much caution and further studies.…”