Cancer risk assessment from exposure to trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water

Panyakapo, Mallika; Soontornchai, Sarisak; Paopuree, Pongsri

doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(08)60058-3

Cited by 107 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…One study in Thailand was investigated the THMs in tap water and swimming pool water in Nakorn Pathom. Results showed that the concentration of THMs in swimming pool water was higher than in tap water and cancer risk from skin exposure while swimming was 94.18% of the total risk [7]. The three exposure route of exposure may be attributed to different concentration and species of THMs present in water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cancer Risk Assessment from Trihalomethanes in Community Water Supply at Northeastern Thailand

Pentamwa¹,

Sukton²,

Wongklom³

et al. 2013

IJESD

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Abstract-This study aims to investigate the concentration, lifetime cancer risk, and hazard index of trihalomethanes (THMs) through oral ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation exposure from tap water of 17 community water treatment plants in northeastern Thailand. Chloroform (CHCl 3 ) was found at highest level compared to dichlorobromomethane (CHCl 2 Br), chlorodibromomethane (CHClBr 2 ) and bromoform (CHBr 3 ) species. Results revealed that the Chongsammoe water treatment plant in Chaiyaphum province was found in the highest levels of 48.46 µg/L for total THMs whereas the levels were below the water quality guideline of WHO. Among the three pathways studies, the highest lifetime cancer risk comes from oral ingestion followed by dermal absorption and inhalation exposure route, mainly because of the exposure to CHCl 3 . Overall 6 of 17 plants, the lifetime cancer risk for CHCl 2 Br and CHCl 3 through oral ingestion route were higher than risk level of 10 -6 , the negligible defined by the USEPA. The average hazard index of total THMs in all muti-pathway exposure routes was lower than 1 indicating to acceptable non-carcinogenic risk level.Index Terms-Cancer risk assessment, trihalomethanes, Thailand, water supply. I. INTRODUCTIONWater supply sector is play a major role of economy growth and social well being. The inadequate access to clean water is directly combined with the lack of basic sanitation. The Millennium Development Goal aims at by 2015; the proportion of the world population would sustainable access to safe drinking water. In Thailand, the surface water resource is the core importance of water supply for community that the total volume of water from the rainfall in all river basin of about 800,000 million m 3 . The estimated for the use of improve drinking water sources was 97% of the country which both of 48% on the proved piped water system and other improved water sources [1]. The water treatment systems in Thailand are organized by four organizations: 1) the metropolitan waterworks authority responsible for the Metropolitan Bangkok Region, and the provincial waterworks authority responsible to the major city of the country, the rural water supply is operated by the local authority and the private water treatment plant. The water Manuscript received April 25, 2013; revised June 25, 2013. This work was financial supported by the National Research Council of Thailand.Prapat Pentamwa, Benchamaporn Sukton, and Tanisa Wongklom are with the School of Environmental Health, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakorn Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand (e-mail: prapat@sut.ac.th, ben_sukton@hotmail.com, koryaa_0332@hotmail.com).Sathaporn Pentamwa is with the Health Center 5, Department of Health, Ministry of Health, Nakorn Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand (e-mail: sathapornounchit@hotmail.com).sources of water treatment systems were commonly taken from surface water and underground water. The surface water supply was typically consisted of the coagulation-flocculation, filtration and disinfectio...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cancer Risk Assessment from Trihalomethanes in Community Water Supply at Northeastern Thailand

Pentamwa¹,

Sukton²,

Wongklom³

et al. 2013

IJESD

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“…The contribution of several activities to CBP exposure such as drinking water consumption, shower and bathing activities was also considered in the study. However, recreational activities in swimming pool or Spas should be considered in future work, as they could increase the risks associated with CBP exposure (Panyakapo et al, 2008;Lee et al, 2009).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial variations of human health risk associated with exposure to chlorination by-products occurring in drinking water

Legay

Rodriguez

Sadiq

et al. 2011

Journal of Environmental Management

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“…In a study in Taiwan, Chen et al (2011) predicted cancer risks for male and female swimmers as 6.87×10 −5 and 5.46×10 −5 , respectively. Panyakapo et al (2008) reported the average of lifetime cancer risks from swimming pool as 7.53×10 −4 in a study in Thailand. Lee et al (2009) predicted the lifetime cancer risk in the range of 7.77×10 −4 -1.36×10 −3 for 183 indoor swimming pools in Korea.…”

Section: Risk Of Dbpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The toxicity of bromide-containing pool water was much higher (27 times) than the toxicity of pool water without bromide (Hansen et al 2011(Hansen et al , 2013. Few studies have reported increased risks of bladder cancer from exposure to swimming pool DBPs (Zwiener et al 2007;Panyakapo et al 2008;Lee et al 2009;Chen et al 2011). In addition, increased risks of airway inflammation, chest tightness, coughing, respiratory problems, red eyes, itching, and asthma have been reported from exposure to swimming pool DBPs (Bernard et al 2006;Uyan et al 2009;Weisel et al 2009).…”

Section: Role Of Other Dbpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting human exposure and risk from chlorinated indoor swimming pool: a case study

Chowdhury

2015

Environ Monit Assess

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This study predicted human exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool. Human exposure was predicted through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal routes while ingestion exposure was accidental with water intake of 18-34 mL/h. The number of pool attendants and duration and frequency of swimming were in the ranges of 14-62 persons/day, 40-85 min/event, and 26-48 times/year, respectively. Trihalomethanes (THMs) in pool water and air were 28.7-95.5 μg/L and 44.1-133.6 μg/m(3), respectively, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) in pool water were 68.9-158.9 μg/L. The brominated THMs in water and air were 95.4 and 94.3% of total THMs, respectively, while brominated HAAs were 94.4 % of total HAAs. Chronic daily intakes of THMs and HAAs were 2.16 × 10(-5)-3.14 × 10(-3) and 8.4 × 10(-8)-4.6 × 10(-6) mg/kg-day, respectively. The cancer risk from three THMs and two HAAs was 2.46 × 10(-5) with a range of 8.1 × 10(-6)-5.7 × 10(-5), in which THMs contributed 99.6% of total risks. Approximately 99.3% of risks were through inhalation and dermal routes, indicating that the ingestion route may be insignificant. The cancer risks from THMs in swimming pool were 4.06-6.64 times to the cancer risks from THMs in drinking water.

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Cancer risk assessment from exposure to trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water

Cited by 107 publications

References 9 publications

Cancer Risk Assessment from Trihalomethanes in Community Water Supply at Northeastern Thailand

Cancer Risk Assessment from Trihalomethanes in Community Water Supply at Northeastern Thailand

Spatial variations of human health risk associated with exposure to chlorination by-products occurring in drinking water

Predicting human exposure and risk from chlorinated indoor swimming pool: a case study

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