“…While the benchtop-to-bedside translational approach for recently advanced PDTs is still a daunting process, these new insights brighten the clinical outlook for using PDT, thus ensuring next generation strategies. Although not covered in detail in this review, these PDTs can be combined with immunotherapy via immunomodulation, as recently reported elsewhere 98 – 100 . Therefore, more progressive approaches in conjunction with existing methods or new technologies will promote PDT development for targeted cancer treatment.…”
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been considered a noninvasive and cost-effective modality for tumor treatment. However, the complexity of tumor microenvironments poses challenges to the implementation of traditional PDT. Here, we review recent advances in PDT to resolve the current problems. Major breakthroughs in PDTs are enabling significant progress in molecular medicine and are interconnected with innovative strategies based on smart bio/nanomaterials or therapeutic insights. We focus on newly developed PDT strategies designed by tailoring photosensitive reactive oxygen species generation, which include the use of proteinaceous photosensitizers, self-illumination, or oxygen-independent approaches. While these updated PDT platforms are expected to enable major advances in cancer treatment, addressing future challenges related to biosafety and target specificity is discussed throughout as a necessary goal to expand the usefulness of PDT.
“…While the benchtop-to-bedside translational approach for recently advanced PDTs is still a daunting process, these new insights brighten the clinical outlook for using PDT, thus ensuring next generation strategies. Although not covered in detail in this review, these PDTs can be combined with immunotherapy via immunomodulation, as recently reported elsewhere 98 – 100 . Therefore, more progressive approaches in conjunction with existing methods or new technologies will promote PDT development for targeted cancer treatment.…”
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been considered a noninvasive and cost-effective modality for tumor treatment. However, the complexity of tumor microenvironments poses challenges to the implementation of traditional PDT. Here, we review recent advances in PDT to resolve the current problems. Major breakthroughs in PDTs are enabling significant progress in molecular medicine and are interconnected with innovative strategies based on smart bio/nanomaterials or therapeutic insights. We focus on newly developed PDT strategies designed by tailoring photosensitive reactive oxygen species generation, which include the use of proteinaceous photosensitizers, self-illumination, or oxygen-independent approaches. While these updated PDT platforms are expected to enable major advances in cancer treatment, addressing future challenges related to biosafety and target specificity is discussed throughout as a necessary goal to expand the usefulness of PDT.
“…The results showed that cell death was dependent on the doses of both light (630–670 nm) and mAb-PS ( Oseroff et al, 1987 ). Moreover, several groups have recently investigated PIT strategies to increase targeted therapy efficacy ( Zhang and Li, 2018 ; Wang M. et al, 2021 ).…”
Section: Novel Approaches To Improve Outcomementioning
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mostly relies on the generation of singlet oxygen, via the excitation of a photosensitizer, so that target tumor cells can be destroyed. PDT can be applied in the settings of several malignant diseases. In fact, the earliest preclinical applications date back to 1900’s. Dougherty reported the treatment of skin tumors by PDT in 1978. Several further studies around 1980 demonstrated the effectiveness of PDT. Thus, the technique has attracted the attention of numerous researchers since then. Hematoporphyrin derivative received the FDA approval as a clinical application of PDT in 1995. We have indeed witnessed a considerable progress in the field over the last century. Given the fact that PDT has a favorable adverse event profile and can enhance anti-tumor immune responses as well as demonstrating minimally invasive characteristics, it is disappointing that PDT is not broadly utilized in the clinical setting for the treatment of malignant and/or non-malignant diseases. Several issues still hinder the development of PDT, such as those related with light, tissue oxygenation and inherent properties of the photosensitizers. Various photosensitizers have been designed/synthesized in order to overcome the limitations. In this Review, we provide a general overview of the mechanisms of action in terms of PDT in cancer, including the effects on immune system and vasculature as well as mechanisms related with tumor cell destruction. We will also briefly mention the application of PDT for non-malignant diseases. The current limitations of PDT utilization in cancer will be reviewed, since identifying problems associated with design/synthesis of photosensitizers as well as application of light and tissue oxygenation might pave the way for more effective PDT approaches. Furthermore, novel promising approaches to improve outcome in PDT such as selectivity, bioengineering, subcellular/organelle targeting, etc. will also be discussed in detail, since the potential of pioneering and exceptional approaches that aim to overcome the limitations and reveal the full potential of PDT in terms of clinical translation are undoubtedly exciting. A better understanding of novel concepts in the field (e.g. enhanced, two-stage, fractional PDT) will most likely prove to be very useful for pursuing and improving effective PDT strategies.
“…Checkpoint inhibitors applied in phototherapy are supposed to block immune checkpoint receptors for enhancing cytotoxic efficacy of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. 51 For instance, Wang et al reported a UCNP nanoplatform constructed by self-assembled indocyanine green (ICG) and DSPE-PEG, which loaded PS. ICG significantly…”
Section: Combination Of Pdt With Photothermal Therapymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Checkpoint inhibitors applied in phototherapy are supposed to block immune checkpoint receptors for enhancing cytotoxic efficacy of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. 51 Figure 3 An overview of cancer treatment using the combination of phototherapy and Schematic depiction of the combined therapy of immunotherapy and phototherapy. Note: Reproduced from Wang M, Rao J, Wang M, et al Cancer photo-immunotherapy: from bench to bedside.…”
Section: Combination Of Pdt With Icd-based Therapymentioning
Benefiting from the rapid development of nanotechnology, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is arising as a novel non-invasive clinical treatment for specific cancers, which exerts direct efficacy in destroying primary tumors by generating excessive cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, PDT-induced cell death is related to T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses through induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, ICD elicited via PDT is not strong enough and is limited by immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). Therefore, it is necessary to improve PDT efficacy through enhancing ICD with the combination of synergistic tumor therapies. Herein, the recent progress of nanomaterials-based PDT combined with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, employing ICD-boosted treatments is reviewed. An outlook about the future application in clinics of nanomaterials-based PDT strategies is also mentioned.
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