Cancer Pain Management Skills Among Medical Students

Abstract

Recent surveys suggest that most physicians have inadequate knowledge to assess and manage cancer pain; however, the important domain of clinical performance has not yet been clearly evaluated. The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) has become a widely- used and accepted method to evaluate the clinical abilities of medical students. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a Cancer Pain OSCE for medical students evaluating their clinical competence in the area of cancer pain management. A four-component Cancer Pain OSCE was developed and presented to 34 third-year medical students during a sixteen-week combined medicine/surgery clerkship. The content of the objective criteria for each component of the OSCE was developed by a multidisciplinary group of pain experts. The OSCE was designed to assess the students' cancer pain management skills of pain history-taking, focused physical examination, analgesic management of cancer pain, and communication of opioid analgesia myths. Actual cancer survivors were used in the five-minute individual stations. The students were asked to complete a cancer pain history, physical examination, manage cancer pain using analgesics, and communicate with a family member regarding opioid myths. Clinical performance was evaluated using pre-defined checklists. Results showed the student's average performance for the history component was the highest of all four components of the examination. Out of 34 points possible on this clinical skills item, students on average (SD) scored 24.5 (5.2), or 72%. For the short-answer analgesic management component of the Cancer Pain OSCE, the overall score was 32%. Most students managed cancer pain with opioids, however, very few prescribed regular opioid use, and the use of adjuvant analgesics was uncommon. Student performance on the focused cancer pain physical examination was, in general, poor. On average students scored 61% on the musculoskeletal system, but only 31% on both the neurological and lymphathic examination. The overall percent score for the cancer pain OSCE was 48%. We conclude that the Cancer Pain OSCE is a useful performance-based tool to test individual skills in the essential components of cancer pain assessment and management. Of the four components of the Cancer Pain OSCE, medical students performed best on the cancer pain history and performed poorly on the cancer pain physical examination. Information gained from this study will provide a foundation on which future small-group medical student structured teaching will be based.

Exploring assessment of medical students' competencies in pain medicine—A review

“…Nineteen studies used existing instruments or modified existing instruments for assessment of medical students' knowledge, attitudes, or skills. The Pain Knowledge and Beliefs Questionnaire, 63,125 the Cancer Pain Objective Structured Clinical Examination, 108,109 the Back Pain Beliefs, 18,69,112 Health Care Providers' Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale, 18,84,96 the Cancer Pain Questionnaire, 50,68,129 and Paediatric Pain Knowledge Questionnaire 9,24 were each used in 2 studies. Most of these existing instruments were developed before 2005 (n = 17 89%).…”

“…New instruments were designed in 78% (n = 32) of studies. 6,9,12,24,25,34,46,55,56,60,63,68,71,73,80,85,87,88,90,92,94,95,99,101,109,110,114,118,120,125,127,132…”

“…The OSCE was used in 8 studies, 55,56,73,101,108–110,127 primarily to assess clinical skills (88%), but also to assess knowledge (37%) 55,108,109 and attitude to pain (13%). 101 One OSCE focussed primarily on regional anaesthesia techniques, 55 2 studies assessed clinical competence in the area of cancer pain management, 108,109 and 2 studies assessed clinical skills in examining chronic low-back pain. 56,127 The number of OSCE stations ranged from 1 to 10, with a median of 3.…”

“…55,56,73,101,108–110,127 The OSCE assessment was used effectively for assessing competencies such as attitude, empathy, and communication as part of a pain assessment in a variety of contexts (acute, low-back, and cancer pain). 55,73,109,110,124,127 The OSCE may currently be the most appropriate summative assessment for educators to use to identify students who may be at risk of poor performance in a clinical workplace environment and is used extensively within clinical medical education. 32,70,79,115 Careful attention needs to be paid to test content, design, and implementation factors such as wide sampling of cases, large numbers of stations and examiners, and good standardisation of patients to improve validity and reliability.…”

Cancer Pain Education

“…3 Further evidence that students, residents, and practicing physicians have a poor understanding of the assessment and management of cancer pain comes from studies at our institution. [6][7][8][9] In one study, the skills of 30 finalyear medical students in assessing and managing the severe pain of a cancer patient were tested using a five-minute patient interaction and a five-minute short-answer questionnaire concerning pain management. While the students did well in assessing pain-relieving factors, deficits in knowledge were found.…”