Cancer Pain Assessment and Management Recommendations by Hospice Nurses

Abstract

Pain is often the most prevalent symptom among cancer patients referred to hospice or palliative care programs. This study was designed to use performance-based testing to evaluate the skills of hospice nurses in assessing the severe pain of a cancer patient and the pain management recommendations they would present to the patient's primary care physician. Twenty-seven hospice nurses (ranging in experience from 1 month to 10 years) were presented with the same standardized patient with cancer pain. In Part A (7 minutes), one of the investigators checked for predetermined behaviors as the nurses performed the clinical pain assessment. In Part B (7 minutes), the nurses answered questions regarding their recommendations for pain management for the patient seen in Part A. In the admission pain assessment, hospice nurses did well in assessing pain intensity (85%), pain location (70%), and pain-relieving factors (59%). However, only 48% of the nurses adequately assessed the pain onset, and only 44% adequately assessed other symptoms the patient might be experiencing. In Part B, 96% of the nurses recommended opioids, 96% recommended the oral route of administration, and 82% recommended regular dosing of the opioids. Fifty-six percent of nurses included a breakthrough medication in their analgesic recommendations. All of the hospice nurses treated the patient's fear of addiction in an appropriate manner, and 93% of the nurses recommended increasing the patient's opioid dosage to treat the persisting pain problem. There were no significant differences among nurses with regard to length of time as a hospice nurse or hospice certification on any of the items in either Part A or Part B. Most practicing hospice nurses were judged to be competent in the assessment and management of the severe pain of the standardized cancer patient, although some deficits were noted. Regular oral opioids were the analgesics of choice. Co-analgesics were rarely recommended.

Cancer Patient Assessment and Reports of Excellence: Reliability and Validity of Advanced Cancer Patient Perceptions of the Quality of Care

“…Informed by focus groups, an expert panel, and review of existing guidelines, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] we defined high-quality cancer care based on institutions meeting the following needs of cancer patients: health care providers sensitively communicate with patients about their prognosis and promote shared decision making to the extent that patients want to be involved; patients are educated about what they can expect during treatment, what to monitor, and who they can turn to for help; patients are provided with their desired emotional support and symptom amelioration; patients are treated with respect; cancer treatment sessions support comfort, ensure privacy, and promote healing; and care is coordinated among health care providers. Two of these needs (patients are provided with their desired emotional support and symptom amelioration and patients are treated with respect) have existing measures.…”

“Pain talk” in hospice and palliative care team meetings: An ethnography

“…For example Sloan et al (1999) studied 27 hospice nurses using an actor patient with severe pain caused by unresectable terminal rectal cancer. The researchers' found that hospice nurses completed items related to pain intensity, pain location and relieving factors very well and did well in relation to analgesic recommendations.…”

Physician Variability in the Management of Acute Postoperative and Cancer Pain: A Quantitative Analysis of the Michigan Experience

“…Multiple modalities are currently available to treat acute postoperative and cancer pain [1–12]. In fact, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (now the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality) convened an interdisciplinary panel to develop guidelines for their management [13,14].…”