Cancer of the colon and rectum.Current procedures for detection and diagnosis

Overholt, Bergein F.; Pollard, H. Marvin

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(1967)20:3<445::aid-cncr2820200312>3.0.co;2-9

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Both increases were again almost equivalent. The increased back diffusion of hydrogen ion by ASA in the vagotomized stomach has already been demonstrated by Davenport (13) and Overholt (14).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 57%

Effects of Thiocyanate and Acetylsalicylic Acid on the Gastric Mucosal Barrier in Rats

Narumi

Kanno

1972

Jpn.J.Pharmacol

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The proposed presence of the gastric mucosal barrier system, which interferes with the back diffusion of hydrogen ion secreted in gastric juice (1), has been postulated to protect the possible occurrence of mucosal damage due to hydrochloric acid (2). Though the precise nature of the barrier remains biochemically unknown, mucous substances covering the mucous layer or mucosal epithelical cells are indicated to be related with barrier function (3).
Occurrence of the back diffusion of hydrogen ion in association with the equivalent increase in the intraluminal efflux of sodium ion in the surgically or pharmacologically vagotomized stomach of the rat or the dog indicated the equilibrated exchanges of hydrogen and sodium ions across the mucous epithels (4, 5).
Increase in the back diffusion of hydrogen ion by thiocyanate (2) and acetazolamide (6) in the vagotomized dog stomach suggests an essential role of a carbonic anhydrase in the maintenance of the gastric mucosal barrier, as the enzyme is present in the gastric mucosa and activity is inhibited by both agents.
Though thiocyanate as one of non-anticholinergic antacids has been an available pharmacological tool for elucidation of the mechanism of gastric acid secretion, especially in the gastric mucosa of frog in vitro, many discussions have been presented on the mode of its action (7-9).
Marked inhibition of the gastric acid secretion without affecting the volume of gastric juice by thiocyanate in the oral route prompted the study of the correlation between the inhibitory effect and increase in the back diffusion of hydrogen ion by thiocyanate. METHODSI. Sampling the gastric juice in rats Male SD rats, 7 to 8 weeks of age and fasted previously for approx. 18 hr, were an esthetized with ether. The animals were divided into groups of 5. Exposition of the pyloric region of the stomach through abdominal incision along the middle line was followed by the ligation of the pylorus. Immediately thereafter, 2 ml of physiological saline was injected s.c. in order to prevent dehydration. Five hr after surgical pro cedures, the animals were sacrificed under deep ether anesthesia in order to extirpate the whole stomach. The volume (ml), hydrogen ion concentration and pepsin activity in the

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 57%

Effects of Thiocyanate and Acetylsalicylic Acid on the Gastric Mucosal Barrier in Rats

Narumi

Kanno

1972

Jpn.J.Pharmacol

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“…The other four patients had undergone snare polypectomy, 2 cold biopsy, 1 and cold biopsy with snare. 1 In all of these patients, the bleeding stopped without intervention or need for transfusion. There were a further seven reports of bleeding.…”

Section: Bleeding Following Colonoscopymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…1 By the turn of the millennium, colonoscopy had emerged as the first line imaging investigation of the colon. The procedure is more sensitive than radiological imaging and offers a range of therapeutic options.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of colonoscopy practice in the UK today: are we adequately prepared for national colorectal cancer screening tomorrow?

Bowles

2004

Gut

569

368

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Aim: To study the availability and quality of adult and paediatric colonoscopy in three National Health Service (NHS) regions. Method: A prospective four month study of colonoscopies in North East Thames, West Midlands, and East Anglia. Patients: Subjects undergoing colonoscopy in 68 endoscopy units. Results: A total of 9223 colonoscopies were studied. The mean number of colonoscopies performed over the four month period was 142 in district general hospitals and 213 in teaching hospitals. Intravenous sedation was administered in 94.6% of procedures, but 2.2% and 11.4% of ''at risk'' patients did not have continuous venous access or did not receive supplemental oxygen, respectively. Caecal intubation was recorded in 76.9% of procedures but the adjusted caecal intubation rate was only 56.9%. Reasons for failing to reach the caecum included patient discomfort (34.7%), looping (29.7%), and poor bowel preparation (19.6%). A normal colonoscopy was reported in 42.1%. The most common diagnosis was polyps (22.5%) followed by diverticular disease (14.9%). Inflammatory bowel disease was recorded in 13.9% and carcinoma in 3.8%. Only half of the patients remembered being told of possible adverse events prior to the procedure. Rectal bleeding requiring admission following colonoscopy was reported in six patients. The overall perforation rate was 1:769 and colonoscopy was considered a possible factor in six deaths occurring within 30 days of the procedure. Only 17.0% of colonoscopists had received supervised training for their first 100 colonoscopies and only 39.3% had attended a training course. Conclusion: There is serious under provision of colonoscopy service in most NHS hospitals. Endoscopy sedation guidelines are not always adhered to and there is a wide variation in practice between units. Colonoscopy is often incomplete and does not achieve the target 90% caecal intubation rate. Serious complications of colonoscopy were comparable with previous studies. Training in colonoscopy is often inadequate and improved practice should result from better training.

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“…Overholt and Pollard [1] performed the first total colonoscopy using fiber optic colonoscope in 1966. Since then, colonoscopy is now one of the most common medical procedures in the USA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do indication and demographics for colonoscopy affect completion? A large national database evaluation

Gupta¹,

Holub

Eisen

2010

European Journal of Gastroenterology &Amp; Hepatology

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Background and aim Indication for colonoscopy has not been examined as a predictor of colonoscopy completion. We hypothesized that colonoscopy conducted for colorectal cancer screening might have higher in completion rates than colonoscopy conducted for other indications. Methods The study design was a retrospective cohort. Colonoscopies recorded within the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative database conducted between 1 January 2002 and 30 June 2003 were analyzed. Indication included: average-risk screening; surveillance; nonspecific abdominal symptoms; bleeding symptoms; or family history of colorectal carcinoma. Demographic factors and indication for colonoscopy were evaluated for the outcome of incomplete colonoscopy using logistic regression analysis. Results 129,549 Colonoscopy procedures were analyzed. Average risk screening seemed to be protective for completion (relative risk: 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.63–0.75). Bleeding and nonspecific symptoms had higher risk of incomplete procedure compared to other indications. Males had higher completion rates compared to females (relative risk: 0.62; 95% confidence interval: 0.58–0.66). Community setting had higher completion rates compared to academic or Veteran’s administration sites. Increasing age was associated with higher rate of incomplete colonoscopy. Conclusion Colonoscopy conducted for screening indication has comparable completion rates when compared with other indications. An overall completion rate of around 95% was noted in this study. This is the largest study to date verifying that completion rates are meeting recommended multisociety guidelines in the USA. Nonspecific abdominal symptoms in Caucasian population, female sex, advanced age, clinical setting, and ethnic groups African–American and Hispanic were found to have increased risk of incomplete procedure.

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Cancer of the colon and rectum.Current procedures for detection and diagnosis

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Effects of Thiocyanate and Acetylsalicylic Acid on the Gastric Mucosal Barrier in Rats

Effects of Thiocyanate and Acetylsalicylic Acid on the Gastric Mucosal Barrier in Rats

A prospective study of colonoscopy practice in the UK today: are we adequately prepared for national colorectal cancer screening tomorrow?

Do indication and demographics for colonoscopy affect completion? A large national database evaluation

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