Cancer Mortality Among Aircraft Manufacturing Workers

Lipworth, Loren; Sonderman, Jennifer S.; Mumma, Michael T.; Tarone, Robert E.; Marano, Donald E.; Boice, John D.; McLaughlin, Joseph K.

doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31822e0940

Cited by 28 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…All cohort16 22 24 26 27 31–40 and case–control11 17 18 41–50 studies included in this analysis are summarised in supplementary table S1. For each study, data regarding study size, location, exposure assessment methods, risk estimates, and person-years and length of follow-up (for cohort studies) are provided.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, three US studies utilising the same cohort in Utah have been published,20–22 but only the most recent cohort follow-up study was selected 22. Likewise, two US studies conducted on one Californian cohort study have been published,23 24 but only results from the extended follow-up study were utilised for this analysis 24. Also identified were two studies utilising the same cohort with different inclusion criteria 25 26.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TCE-exposure cohort studies (N=10) were primarily industry-based studies in which TCE exposure had been identified through bio-monitoring data or job exposure matrices (JEMs). For two of these studies, the subcohort analysis was selected given that TCE exposure was assessed utilising more restrictive inclusion criteria, thus reducing the likelihood of exposure misclassification 24 27. However, similar results with less precise estimates and slightly broader CIs were observed when analyses were not restricted to the subcohort members.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occupational trichloroethylene exposure and kidney cancer risk: a meta-analysis

et al. 2012

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Objectives Inconsistent epidemiological findings, debate over interpretation, and extrapolation of findings from animal studies to humans have produced uncertainty surrounding the carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure in occupational settings. We updated meta-analyses of published case-control and cohort studies exploring occupational TCE exposure and kidney cancer risk, incorporating new analytical results from three recently published cohort studies and a case-control study. Methods PubMed MEDLINE was searched for studies published from 1950 to 2011 assessing occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents, degreasers or TCE. All cohort (N=15) and case-control (N=13) studies included in analyses were stratified by assessment of occupational exposure to TCE specifically and to any chlorinated solvent. Results Significantly elevated summary estimates were observed for cohort studies (relative risk (RR) 1.26, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.56; p heterogeneity=0.65), case-control studies (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.57; p heterogeneity= 0.41), and cohort and case-control studies combined (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.50, p heterogeneity=0.63) that specifically assessed TCE exposure after excluding outlier studies that contributed to heterogeneity. Non-significantly elevated summary estimates were generally observed for studies of workers exposed to chlorinated solvents but who were not assessed for TCE specifically. Conclusions Regardless of study design, significant and stronger estimates were only observed in studies specifically assessing occupational exposure to TCE. Estimates were lower in studies assessing occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents. This updated metaanalysis supports an association between occupational TCE exposure and kidney cancer and provides evidence that exposure misclassification may weaken estimates assessing exposure to the broader class of chlorinated solvents.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occupational trichloroethylene exposure and kidney cancer risk: a meta-analysis

et al. 2012

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“…Anttila et al ,17 in a cohort study of 849 Finnish workers biologically monitored for perchloroethylene exposure between 1974 and 1983, observed a non-significant excess of kidney cancer among workers relative to the number expected from population rates (SIR 1.8, 95% CI 0.2 to 6.5), based on two observed cases of kidney cancer. Lipworth et al 18 updated follow-up of a cohort of aircraft manufacturing workers exposed to different solvents who were assessed for perchloroethylene exposure using a JEM based on job descriptions and historical chemical usage patterns; for 5830 workers assessed as having intermittent or routine perchloroethylene exposure, the SMR for kidney cancer was 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4; 13 deaths). In the most recent follow-up of a cohort of 1704 workers in dry cleaning facilities with documented records of perchloroethylene use, Calvert et al 19 reported an SMR of 1.14 (0.37 to 2.67); in an analysis restricted to participants exposed only to perchloroethylene, a SMR of 1.35 (0.16 to 4.89) was observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents and kidney cancer: a case–control study

et al. 2016

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Objectives Trichloroethylene, a chlorinated solvent widely used for metal degreasing, is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a kidney carcinogen. Other chlorinated solvents are suspected carcinogens, most notably the cleaning solvent perchloroethylene, although it is unclear whether they are associated with kidney cancer. We investigated kidney cancer associations with occupational exposure to six chlorinated solvents (trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and methylene chloride) within a case-control study using detailed exposure assessment methods. Methods Cases (n = 1,217) and controls (n = 1,235) provided information on their occupational histories and, for selected occupations, on tasks involving potential exposure to chlorinated solvents through job-specific interview modules. Using this information, an industrial hygienist assessed potential exposure to each solvent. We computed odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for different exposure metrics, with unexposed subjects as the referent group. Results 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and methylene chloride were not associated with kidney cancer. Among jobs with high exposure intensity, high cumulative hours exposed to perchloroethylene was associated with increased risk, both overall (third tertile vs. unexposed: OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3-7.4) and after excluding participants with ≥50% exposure probability for trichloroethylene (OR 3.0, 95% CI 0.99-9.0). A non-significant association with high cumulative hours exposed to trichloroethylene was observed (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.8-3.8). Conclusions In this study, high exposure to perchloroethylene was associated with kidney cancer, independent of trichloroethylene. Additional studies are needed to further investigate this finding.

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“…a Tissues shown represent those for which limited or sufficient evidence of human cancer hazard effects associated with TCE or PCE were available, as determined by IARC (IARC, 2014) b Section 6.3 "Overall characterization of TCE Hazard and Dose Response" (US EPA, 2011b) c Renal cell adenoma/carcinoma observed in rats exposed to PCE for two years, however this was only statistically significant when compared with historical controls (NTP, 1986 relative risks above one (Raaschou-Morgan et al, 1998;Persson and Fredrikson, 1999;Raaschou-Nielsen et al, 2003;Radican et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2009;Lipworth et al, 2011;Christensen et al, 2013;Cocco et al, 2013;Hansen et al, 2013). However, no association was found in some studies, which could be attributed to methodological limitations in the design or analysis or low prevalence of TCE exposure [Boice et al, 2006 (based on 1 case); Bahr et al, 2011;Vlaanderen et al, 2013;Bove et al, 2014;Silver et al, 2014].…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Target Organ Metabolism, Toxicity, and Mechanisms of Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene: Key Similarities, Differences, and Data Gaps

Cichocki

Guyton

Guha

et al. 2016

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene (PCE) are high-production volume chemicals with numerous industrial applications. As a consequence of their widespread use, these chemicals are ubiquitous environmental contaminants to which the general population is commonly exposed. It is widely assumed that TCE and PCE are toxicologically similar; both are simple olefins with three (TCE) or four (PCE) chlorines. Nonetheless, despite decades of research on the adverse health effects of TCE or PCE, few studies have directly compared these two toxicants. Although the metabolic pathways are qualitatively similar, quantitative differences in the flux and yield of metabolites exist. Recent human health assessments have uncovered some overlap in target organs that are affected by exposure to TCE or PCE, and divergent speciesand sex-specificity with regard to cancer and noncancer hazards. The objective of this minireview is to highlight key similarities, differences, and data gaps in target organ metabolism and mechanism of toxicity. The main anticipated outcome of this review is to encourage research to 1) directly compare the responses to TCE and PCE using more sensitive biochemical techniques and robust statistical comparisons; 2) more closely examine interindividual variability in the relationship between toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics for TCE and PCE; 3) elucidate the effect of coexposure to these two toxicants; and 4) explore new mechanisms for target organ toxicity associated with TCE and/or PCE exposure.

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Cancer Mortality Among Aircraft Manufacturing Workers

Abstract: This large, long-term cohort study with comprehensive exposure assessment found no consistent evidence of increased cancer risk overall or by site among aircraft workers, including those with long-term exposure to TCE, PCE, and mixed solvents.

Cited by 28 publications

References 31 publications

Occupational trichloroethylene exposure and kidney cancer risk: a meta-analysis

Occupational trichloroethylene exposure and kidney cancer risk: a meta-analysis

Occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents and kidney cancer: a case–control study

Target Organ Metabolism, Toxicity, and Mechanisms of Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene: Key Similarities, Differences, and Data Gaps

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