Cancer in Africa 2018: The role of infections

Parkin, Donald Maxwell; Hämmerl, Lucia; Ferlay, Jacques; Kantelhardt, Eva Johanna

doi:10.1002/ijc.32538

Cited by 71 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 93 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…Similar to liver cancer, cervical cancer is viral-related and primarily caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Several reviews have discussed the burden, distribution, and contribution of HPV serotypes to cervical cancer in Africa ( 233 – 235 ). Despite the burden of HPV in Africa, only a small proportion of women that are infected develop cervical cancer ( 236 , 237 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cancer Genetics and Genomics Studies in Africa

Rotimi

Salhia

2021

Front. Oncol.

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is projected to overtake infectious disease as the leading cause of mortality in Africa within the next two decades. Cancer is a group of genomic diseases that presents with intra- and inter-population unique phenotypes, with Black populations having the burden of morbidity and mortality for most types. At large, the prevention and treatment of cancers have been propelled by the understanding of the genetic make-up of the disease of mostly non-African populations. By the same token, there is a wide knowledge gap in understanding the underlying genetic causes of, and genomic alterations associated with, cancer among black Africans. Accordingly, we performed a review of the literature to survey existing studies on cancer genetics/genomics and curated findings pertaining to publications across multiple cancer types conducted on African populations. We used PubMed MeSH terms to retrieve the relevant publications from 1990 to December 2019. The metadata of these publications were extracted using R text mining packages: RISmed and Pubmed.mineR. The data showed that only 0.329% of cancer publications globally were on Africa, and only 0.016% were on cancer genetics/genomics from Africa. Although the most prevalent cancers in Africa are cancers of the breast, cervix, uterus, and prostate, publications representing breast, colorectal, liver, and blood cancers were the most frequent in our review. The most frequently reported cancer genes were BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53. Next, the genes reported in the reviewed publications’ abstracts were extracted and annotated into three gene ontology classes. Genes in the cellular component class were mostly associated with cell part and organelle part, while those in biological process and molecular function classes were mainly associated with cell process, biological regulation, and binding, and catalytic activity, respectively. Overall, this review highlights the paucity of research on cancer genomics on African populations, identified gaps, and discussed the need for concerted efforts to encourage more research on cancer genomics in Africa.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cancer Genetics and Genomics Studies in Africa

Rotimi

Salhia

2021

Front. Oncol.

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“…In 2018, H. pylori was responsible for 810,000 (37%) new cases of cancers caused by an infectious agent and caused ~90% of non-cardia gastric cancers[3]. The relative risk of developing gastric cancer with the H. pylori infection is 17[4]. In sub-Saharan Africa, the estimated population attributable fraction (PAF) of non-cardia gastric cancer is 92%[4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relative risk of developing gastric cancer with the H. pylori infection is 17[4]. In sub-Saharan Africa, the estimated population attributable fraction (PAF) of non-cardia gastric cancer is 92%[4]. Between the 1960s and 2008, Uganda experienced a 7-fold increase in gastric cancer incidence[5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody response patterns toHelicobacter pyloriinfection in a rural Ugandan population cohort

Sallah

Hayes²,

Osei-Tutu³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) establishes life-long infection in humans in the absence of treatment and has been associated with a variety of gastrointestinal conditions including peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Antibody responses to H. pylori antigens are found to be associated with disease risk, however, data from Africa are scarce.MethodsTo assess the seroprevalence of H. pylori and characterise antibody response patterns, we measured serum IgG antibody levels to 14 antigens among 7,211 individuals in a rural Ugandan population cohort. Multivariate-adjusted linear regression models were fitted to investigate the influence of age, sex, and co-infection on antibody seroreactivity levels.ResultsH. pylori seroprevalence was 95% in our study population, with 94% of individuals seropositive in childhood (<15 years). In H. pylori positive individuals, we found a markedly high seroprevalence (~99%) and antibody levels to the high-risk antigens CagA and VacA, in addition to Cagδ. HSV-2 co-infection was significantly associated with higher IgG levels of CagA and VacA (OR=1.10, 95% C. I=1.05-1.16). HIV infection was associated with lowered IgG levels to CagA (OR=0.86, 95% C.I.=0.80-0.93), and HPV infection was associated with increased IgG levels to VacA (OR=1.16, 95% C.I.=1.11-1.21).ConclusionsH. pylori in this population is ubiquitous from childhood, with a high prevalence and high seroreactivity levels of high-risk antigens, suggesting chronic active inflammatory responses in individuals that are indicative of risk of disease. Further investigation is warranted to fully understand the relationship between host, immunogenicity, and clinical outcomes to better stratify by risk and improve treatment.Key MessagesAntibody responses to H. pylori antigens are found to be associated with risk of gastric cancer, however, despite the high seroprevalence in African populations, data from Africa are scarce. This is the first study of antibody response patterns and their determinants from an African population.Our study shows a population where H. pylori is ubiquitous from childhood, and seroprevalence of virulent antigens is distinctively high suggesting an increased of disease compared to other populations.We observe inter-individual variation in virulent antibody responses partly influenced by co-infection.We highlight crucial insights into antibody-based biomarkers of disease risk and reinforce the need for population-based H. pylori screening and treatment programmes for gastric cancer control.

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“…It is responsible for 16% of all and 22% of invasive female cancers. This cancer is diagnosed as the most frequent cancer among Iranian women (Parkin et al, 2003;Taghavi et al, 2012). Variations in some genes which involved in growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, may influence breast cancer susceptibility (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%