2016
DOI: 10.7150/jca.13141
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Cancer Hallmarks, Biomarkers and Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes

Abstract: Breast cancer is a complex disease encompassing multiple tumor entities, each characterized by distinct morphology, behavior and clinical implications. Besides estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, novel biomarkers have shown their prognostic and predictive values, complicating our understanding towards to the heterogeneity of such cancers. Ten cancer hallmarks have been proposed by Weinberg to characterize cancer and its carcinogenesis. By reviewing biomarkers … Show more

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Cited by 350 publications
(348 citation statements)
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References 175 publications
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“…1,2 Breast cancers are classified into distinct subtypes according to the expression patterns of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) as follows: luminal A (ER-positive, PR-positive, or both and HER2-negative), luminal B (ER-positive, PR-positive, or both and HER2-positive), HER2-overexpressing (ER-and PR-negative, HER2-positive), and triple-negative (TNBC, ER/PR/HER2-negative). [3][4][5][6] TNBCs comprise approximately 15% of all breast cancers and are associated with poorer prognosis, lower overall survival, and shorter relapse-free intervals compared with other subtypes. 7-10 Further, targeted therapy is unavailable for treating patients with TNBC.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1,2 Breast cancers are classified into distinct subtypes according to the expression patterns of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) as follows: luminal A (ER-positive, PR-positive, or both and HER2-negative), luminal B (ER-positive, PR-positive, or both and HER2-positive), HER2-overexpressing (ER-and PR-negative, HER2-positive), and triple-negative (TNBC, ER/PR/HER2-negative). [3][4][5][6] TNBCs comprise approximately 15% of all breast cancers and are associated with poorer prognosis, lower overall survival, and shorter relapse-free intervals compared with other subtypes. 7-10 Further, targeted therapy is unavailable for treating patients with TNBC.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A number of factors may be responsible for breast pain in breast cancer patients. Prior to surgery, breast pain may result from the release of pain mediators by the tumour or inflammatory changes in the breast tissue (following tissue biopsy) which is mainly mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines [108][109][110][111]. On the other hand, post-operative pain in breast cancer patients may arise from or be associated with nerve injury that may occur during surgery or following radiotherapy [104,112,113].…”
Section: Painmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Human complex disease like cancers and cardiovascular diseases are known to be associated with more than one genetic factor 2,3 and the classic single-factor correlation analysis tends to detect statistically significant factors 4 . So the existing complex disease diagnosis panels usually use the genetic information of multiple genes 5,6 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%