Cancer Drug Resistance: Targeting Proliferation or Programmed Cell Death

Abstract

The development of resistance to chemotherapy is one of the main problems for effective cancer treatment. Drug resistance may result from disturbances in two important physiological processes—cell proliferation and cell death. Importantly, both processes characterize alterations in cell metabolism, the level of which is often measured using MTT/MTS assays. To examine resistance to chemotherapy, different cancer cell lines are usually used for the in vitro modulation of developing resistance. However, after the creation of resistant cell lines, researchers often have difficulty in starting investigations of the mechanisms of insensitivity. In the first stage, researchers should address the question of whether the drug resistance results from a depression of cell proliferation or an inhibition of cell death. To simplify the choice of research strategy, we have suggested a combination of different approaches which reveal the actual mechanism. This combination includes rapid and high-throughput methods such as the MTS test, the LIVE/DEAD assay, real-time cell metabolic analysis, and Western blotting. To create chemoresistant tumor cells, we used four different cancer cell lines of various origins and utilized the most clinically relevant pulse-selection approach. Applying a set of methodological approaches, we demonstrated that three of them were more capable of modulating proliferation to avoid the cytostatic effects of anti-cancer drugs. At the same time, one of the studied cell lines developed resistance to cell death, overcoming the cytotoxic action.

Targeting ferroptosis: a new therapeutic opportunity for kidney diseases

“…Although some drugs have been used in clinical settings, several issues still need to be addressed in the future. For instance, paricalcitol regulates the antioxidant function of GPX4 by activating the vitamin D receptor, thereby inhibiting cisplatin-induced AKI ( 268 ). Iron chelators deferoxamine can alleviate ferroptosis and fibrosis in CKD rats ( 199 ).…”

Up to the Herculean Task of Tackling Cancer Therapy Resistance

“…These include tumor growth, tumor burden, morphology and phenotype of cancer stem cells, tumor heterogeneity, physical barriers, the immune system and tumor microenvironment, undruggable oncogenic drivers, and therapeutic pressure. We can target these determinants of resistance using standard-of-care and emerging approaches as well as employing novel technological and pharmacological breakthroughs to achieve the prevention, delay, or reversal of cancer therapy resistance [4,5]. For example, in terms of the undruggable genomic drivers of cancers, the future development of gene-specific transcription factor or cofactor (coactivators, corepressors) inhibitors, compounds that restore the function of tumor suppressors, and allele-specific inhibitors will certainly boost our efforts in addressing cancer drug resistance.…”