Cancer among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999-2004

Abstract

Targeting newly identified damage pathways in the ischemic brain can help to circumvent the currently severe limitations of acute stroke therapy. Here we show that the activity of 12/15‐lipoxygenase was increased in the ischemic mouse brain, and 12/15‐lipoxygenase colocalized with a marker for oxidized lipids, MDA2. This colocalization was also detected in the brain of 2 human stroke patients, where it also coincided with increased apoptosis‐inducing factor. A novel inhibitor of 12/15‐lipoxygenase, LOXBlock‐1, protected neuronal HT22 cells against oxidative stress. In a mouse model of transient focal ischemia, the inhibitor reduced infarct sizes both 24 hours and 14 days poststroke, with improved behavioral parameters. Even when treatment was delayed until at least 4 hours after onset of ischemia, LOXBlock‐1 was protective. Furthermore, it reduced tissue plasminogen activator‐associated hemorrhage in a clot model of ischemia/reperfusion. This study establishes inhibition of 12/15‐lipoxygenase as a viable strategy for first‐line stroke treatment. Ann Neurol 2013

Regional differences in colorectal cancer incidence, stage, and subsite among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1999-2004

“…During the study period, CRC was the third most commonly diagnosed cancer among CHSDA AI/AN males and females, accounting for 11.8% of all cancers. 26 Our most dramatic finding was the regional variation in CRC incidence, with an almost 5-fold difference observed between AI/AN populations in Alaska and the Southwest. Also important were differences in incidence, stage of diagnosis, and colonic subsite distribution between AI/AN and NHW populations.…”

Prostate cancer incidence among American Indian and Alaska Native men, US, 1999-2004

“…First, the prostate cancer incidence rate for AI/AN men for all regions combined is lower than for NHW men living in the same counties; however, the rate is higher than reported previously, [18][19][20][21][22] although differences in age standardization of rates may make the comparison difficult. Second, as with other cancer types, 23 AI/AN men demonstrate marked regional variation in prostate cancer incidence rates in comparison with NHW men. Third, our data indicate that AI/AN men experience slightly higher rates and percentages of distant stage disease than NHW men.…”

“…This marked degree of regional variation in prostate cancer rates noted among AI/AN men mirrors that reported for rates of other leading cancer types among both men and women. 3,23,[45][46][47] Although this variation in prostate cancer incidence modestly tracks differences in self-reported BRFSS prevalence of PSA testing among AI/AN men, differences in testing alone are not likely to explain all the variation. For 1 reason, our BRFSS data demonstrate an inconsistent correlation between PSA testing prevalence and prostate cancer incidence, including localized stage disease, among the AI/AN men in our 6 different regions.…”

Engaging rural communities in genetic research: challenges and opportunities

“…Examples include residents of rural Maine of European descent who experience some cancer incidence and mortality exceeding that of African Americans (a recognized high-risk population; Hock et al 2012;Zeng et al 2015;Coughlin et al 2014). Furthermore, a population-level risk may significantly vary across region and tribe as experienced by American Indians/Alaskan Natives (Campbell et al 2014;Wiggins et al 2008). The intricacies of cancer incidence rates between European-American rural communities warrant further study.…”