Cancellation of a planned movement in monkey motor cortex

Riehle, Alexa; Grammont, Franck; MacKay, William A.

doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000201510.91867.a0

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…To our knowledge, this novel form of motor execution is fundamental, but has not been investigated in animal and human experiments. Only one paper has addressed it in the monkey, but had dealt with tasks only bearing moderate resemblance to our study [42]. The MA task is taken as the reference, and the agonist (AG) is always the biceps.…”

Section: Motor Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Control of Motor Activation and Cancellation in Humans: An Electrophysiological Study

Fook‐Chong

Chan

et al. 2009

Cerebellum

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Execution of rapid ballistic movement is characterized by triphasic, alternating electromyographic bursts in agonist (AG) and antagonist (ANT) muscles. The ability to rapidly initiate movement and cancel ongoing action is a basic requirement for efficient control of motor function. Normal functioning of the cerebellum is necessary for the generation of AG and ANT muscle activity that should be both of appropriate magnitude and timing to control the dynamic phase of arm movements. We studied AG, ANT reaction time (RT), and RT differences in both motor activation (MA) and motor cancellation (MC) tasks, in response to an auditory stimulus. The results showed that right cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with a horizontally applied focal coil resulted in decreased AG RT and increased latency difference between AG RT and ANT RT (DIFF) in the ipsilateral upper limb during MC. No effect was apparent during sham stimulation, MA tasks, left upper limb recording, and other coil orientations. While the high correlation between AG and ANT RT suggests a close relationship in both MA and MC, significant DIFF changes point to an alteration of this relationship by TMS during MC. Although TMS resulted in significantly increased DIFF during MC tasks, this was not due to delayed ANT RT. This suggests that the short ANT burst observed invariably during MC may not be a cerebellum-generated response, but is derived from the cortical or subcortical level. The focal nature of our TMS coil and the horizontally effective orientation supports the hypothesis of interference with the parallel fiber system. Our findings contribute to the understanding of cerebellar neural networks involvement in movements, in particular, those pertaining to cessation of an ongoing action not previously addressed.

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Section: Motor Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Control of Motor Activation and Cancellation in Humans: An Electrophysiological Study

Fook‐Chong

Chan

et al. 2009

Cerebellum

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“…This preparatory activity goes in line with a wide spread oscillatory activity in the beta range of the LFP in motor cortical areas (MacKay 2005;Murthy and Fetz 1992), which stops abruptly with movement onset. Interestingly, delay-related oscillatory activity is often associated with an inhibitory behavior as well as expectancy, an activity that closely corresponds to the withholding of the movement during the delay period (for a review, see MacKay 2005; see also Riehle et al 2006). It is only at the end of the delay that the inhibition of corticospinal neurons would be lifted and a local wave of excitatory input would briskly ignite a descending motor volley, corresponding to the small networks of rather regular spiking neurons.…”

Section: Functional Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Network Parameters From Combined Dynamics of Firing Rate and Irregularity of Single Neurons

Hamaguchi

Riehle

Brunel

2011

Journal of Neurophysiology

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High firing irregularity is a hallmark of cortical neurons in vivo, and modeling studies suggest a balance of excitation and inhibition is necessary to explain this high irregularity. Such a balance must be generated, at least partly, from local interconnected networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, but the details of the local network structure are largely unknown. The dynamics of the neural activity depends on the local network structure; this in turn suggests the possibility of estimating network structure from the dynamics of the firing statistics. Here we report a new method to estimate properties of the local cortical network from the instantaneous firing rate and irregularity (CV(2)) under the assumption that recorded neurons are a part of a randomly connected sparse network. The firing irregularity, measured in monkey motor cortex, exhibits two features; many neurons show relatively stable firing irregularity in time and across different task conditions; the time-averaged CV(2) is widely distributed from quasi-regular to irregular (CV(2) = 0.3-1.0). For each recorded neuron, we estimate the three parameters of a local network [balance of local excitation-inhibition, number of recurrent connections per neuron, and excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) size] that best describe the dynamics of the measured firing rates and irregularities. Our analysis shows that optimal parameter sets form a two-dimensional manifold in the three-dimensional parameter space that is confined for most of the neurons to the inhibition-dominated region. High irregularity neurons tend to be more strongly connected to the local network, either in terms of larger EPSP and inhibitory PSP size or larger number of recurrent connections, compared with the low irregularity neurons, for a given excitatory/inhibitory balance. Incorporating either synaptic short-term depression or conductance-based synapses leads many low CV(2) neurons to move to the excitation-dominated region as well as to an increase of EPSP size.

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“…Local inhibition in M1 could prevent it from responding during planning and then be released before movement. Other work has suggested that cancellation of movements, a form of gating, could involve lateral inhibition in M1 (Riehle et al 2006). However, recent work has shown that in M1, as in PMd, inhibition rises rather than falls around the time of movement onset (Merchant et al 2008).…”

Section: Alternative Mechanisms For Preventing Plan Activity From Drimentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of Monkey Premotor Neuron Classes in Movement Preparation and Execution

Kaufman

Churchland

Santhanam³

et al. 2010

Journal of Neurophysiology

132

134

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Dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is known to be involved in the planning and execution of reaching movements. However, it is not understood how PMd plan activity-often present in the very same neurons that respond during movement-is prevented from itself producing movement. We investigated whether inhibitory interneurons might "gate" output from PMd, by maintaining high levels of inhibition during planning and reducing inhibition during execution. Recently developed methods permit distinguishing interneurons from pyramidal neurons using extracellular recordings. We extend these methods here for use with chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays. We then applied these methods to single-and multi-electrode recordings in PMd of two monkeys performing delayed-reach tasks. Responses of putative interneurons were not generally in agreement with the hypothesis that they act to gate output from the area: in particular it was not the case that interneurons tended to reduce their firing rates around the time of movement. In fact, interneurons increased their rates more than putative pyramidal neurons during both the planning and movement epochs. The two classes of neurons also differed in a number of other ways, including greater modulation across conditions for interneurons, and interneurons more frequently exhibiting increases in firing rate during movement planning and execution. These findings provide novel information about the greater responsiveness of putative PMd interneurons in motor planning and execution and suggest that we may need to consider new possibilities for how planning activity is structured such that it does not itself produce movement.

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Cancellation of a planned movement in monkey motor cortex

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Cerebellar Control of Motor Activation and Cancellation in Humans: An Electrophysiological Study

Cerebellar Control of Motor Activation and Cancellation in Humans: An Electrophysiological Study

Estimating Network Parameters From Combined Dynamics of Firing Rate and Irregularity of Single Neurons

Roles of Monkey Premotor Neuron Classes in Movement Preparation and Execution

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