Cancellation, negation, and rejection

Skovgaard-Olsen, Niels; Collins, Peter; Krzyżanowska, Karolina; Hahn, Ulrike; Klauer, Karl Christoph

doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2018.11.002

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…An “inferentialist” account of the meaning of conditionals proposes the converse relation: a conditional is true given that A implies C , though the relation can be inductive rather than deductive (Douven, 2015 ; Douven et al, 2018 ; Ryle, 1949 ). This hypothesis may explain the finding that the Equation seems to apply only when the probability of A is reasonably high (Skovgaard-Olsen et al, 2019 ). When it is zero, the conditional probability p( C|A ) is undefined in the probability calculus.…”

Section: Conditionals In Logic and Probability Logicmentioning

confidence: 99%

The probability of conditionals: A review

2021

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A major hypothesis about conditionals is the Equation in which the probability of a conditional equals the corresponding conditional probability: p( if A then C ) = p( C|A ). Probabilistic theories often treat it as axiomatic, whereas it follows from the meanings of conditionals in the theory of mental models. In this theory, intuitive models (system 1) do not represent what is false, and so produce errors in estimates of p( if A then C ), yielding instead p( A & C ). Deliberative models (system 2) are normative, and yield the proportion of cases of A in which C holds, i.e., the Equation. Intuitive estimates of the probability of a conditional about unique events: If covid-19 disappears in the USA, then Biden will run for a second term , together with those of each of its clauses, are liable to yield joint probability distributions that sum to over 100%. The error, which is inconsistent with the probability calculus, is massive when participants estimate the joint probabilities of conditionals with each of the different possibilities to which they refer. This result and others under review corroborate the model theory. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.3758/s13423-021-01938-5.

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Section: Conditionals In Logic and Probability Logicmentioning

confidence: 99%

The probability of conditionals: A review

2021

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“…Ramsey [72], Adams [1], Cooper [21], Cantwell [13] and Francez [36] give a theoretically motivated defense of the commutation scheme, while the studies by Handley et al [40] and Politzer [66] provide some empirical support. See, however,Égré and Politzer [31], Olivier [61] and Skovgaard-Olsen et al [77] for a more complex picture.…”

Section: Negation and Cc/ttmentioning

confidence: 99%

De Finettian Logics of Indicative Conditionals Part I: Trivalent Semantics and Validity

2020

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This paper explores trivalent truth conditions for indicative conditionals, examining the "defective" truth table proposed by de Finetti (1936) and Reichenbach (1935, 1944). On their approach, a conditional takes the value of its consequent whenever its antecedent is true, and the value Indeterminate otherwise. Here we deal with the problem of selecting an adequate notion of validity for this conditional. We show that all standard validity schemes based on de Finetti's table come with some problems, and highlight two ways out of the predicament: one pairs de Finetti's conditional (DF) with validity as the preservation of non-false values (TT-validity), but at the expense of Modus Ponens; the other modifies de Finetti's table to restore Modus Ponens. In Part I of this paper, we present both alternatives, with specific attention to a variant of de Finetti's table (CC) proposed by Cooper (

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“…But it is also possible to consider causal relations as a specific instance of a more generic reason relation (Spohn, 2012), which then turns the Relevance Effect into a finding concerning the relationship between conditionals, reasons, and arguments. Possible explanations for the Relevance Effect are diverse and have been explored in several recent publications (Cruz, Over, Oaksford & Baratgin, 2016;Krzyżanowska, Collins, & Hahn, 2017;Skovgaard-Olsen, Collins, Krzyżanowska, Hahn, & Klauer, 2019a). In this paper, the goal is to investigate whether relevance effects extend to participants' reasoning with conditionals containing negation operators, in their probability assignments and entailment judgments.…”

Section: The Relevance Effectmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Dialogical Entailment Task

Skovgaard-Olsen

2019

Cognition

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In this paper, a critical discussion is made of the role of entailments in the so-called New Paradigm of psychology of reasoning based on Bayesian models of rationality (Elqayam & Over, 2013). It is argued that assessments of probabilistic coherence cannot stand on their own, but that they need to be integrated with empirical studies of intuitive entailment judgments. This need is motivated not just by the requirements of probability theory itself, but also by a need to enhance the interdisciplinary integration of the psychology of reasoning with formal semantics in linguistics. The constructive goal of the paper is to introduce a new experimental paradigm, called the Dialogical Entailment task, to supplement current trends in the psychology of reasoning towards investigating knowledge-rich, social reasoning under uncertainty (Oaksford and Chater, 2019). As a case study, this experimental paradigm is applied to reasoning with conditionals and negation operators (e.g. CEM and wide and narrow-scope negation). As part of the investigation, participants' entailment judgments are evaluated against their probability evaluations to assess participants' cross-task consistency over two experimental sessions.

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Cancellation, negation, and rejection

Cited by 28 publications

References 56 publications

The probability of conditionals: A review

The probability of conditionals: A review

De Finettian Logics of Indicative Conditionals Part I: Trivalent Semantics and Validity

The Dialogical Entailment Task

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