Canalization of the Scute Phenotype of Drosophila

Rendel, J M

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1959.tb03033.x

Cited by 100 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The selected phenotype becomes less variable (more constrained) in response to these perturbations. Candidate examples from macroscopic to molecular phenotypes have been known for some time [82][83][84]. In wild populations subject to canalizing selection, more recently evolved traits can show greater variability compared with older traits, because canalizing selection has acted on the more recent traits for a shorter amount of time.…”

Section: Box 2 Canalizing Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype networks shed light on evolutionary constraints

Wagner

2011

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

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An evolutionary constraint is a bias or limitation in phenotypic variation that a biological system produces. One can distinguish physicochemical, selective, genetic and developmental causes of such constraints. Here, I discuss these causes in three classes of system that bring forth many phenotypic traits and evolutionary innovations: regulatory circuits, macromolecules and metabolic networks. In these systems, genotypes with the same phenotype form large genotype networks that extend throughout a vast genotype space. Such genotype networks can help unify different causes of evolutionary constraints. They can show that these causes ultimately emerge from the process of development; that is, how phenotypes form from genotypes. Furthermore, they can explain important consequences of constraints, such as punctuated stasis and canalization. An evolutionary constraint is a bias or limitation in phenotypic variation that a biological system produces. One can distinguish physicochemical, selective, genetic and developmental causes of such constraints. Here, I discuss these causes in three classes of systems that bring forth many phenotypic traits and evolutionary innovations: regulatory circuits, macromolecules and metabolic networks. In these systems, genotypes with the same phenotype form large genotype networks that extend throughout a vast genotype space. Such genotype networks can help unify different causes of evolutionary constraints. They can show that these causes ultimately emerge from the process of development: that is, how phenotypes form from genotypes. Furthermore, they can explain important consequences of constraints, such as punctuated stasis and canalization. Evolutionary constraintsNo organism or species can produce every conceivable kind of phenotypic variation. This limitation is encapsulated in the notion of constraints on phenotypic evolution [1]. An evolutionary constraint is a bias or limitation in phenotypic variation that a biological system produces. Extreme examples include the absence of photosynthesis in higher animals, the general lack of teeth in the lower jaw of frogs, the absence of palm trees in cold climates and the absence of birds that give birth to live young instead of to eggs [1,2]. In these examples, a trait is completely absent. More subtle constraints manifest themselves as correlations among different characters. A paradigmatic case is allometric scaling [2]. Here, the value of one quantitative trait constrains that of another, typically via a specific nonlinear relationship, For example, metabolic rate is proportional to body mass m raised to approximately three quarter power (m 0.75 ) across many differentIt is not hard to see that constraints can influence the spectrum of evolutionary adaptations and innovations that are accessible to living things. For this reason, questions about the causes and consequences of constrained evolution have attracted much attention [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. There are multiple kinds and causes of phenotypic constraints (Box 1),...

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Section: Box 2 Canalizing Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype networks shed light on evolutionary constraints

Wagner

2011

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

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“…In stocks with a variable number of scutellar bristles the number and position of extra bristles can be modified by artificial selection (Payne, 1918;Sismanidis, 1942;Rendel, 1959;Fraser, 1963;Latter, 1964;Finlay, 1965;Druger, .1967;Gibson, 1968) and sometimes by temperature (Child, 1935;Pennycuick and Fraser, 1964;Gibson, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of temperature on selection for scutellar Bristles

Gibson

1970

Heredity

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“…Selection for high scutellar bristle number in a Drosophila melanogaster stock segregating for sese was found to be successful in an experiment already reported (Rendel 1959). Matings were between sc se males, chosen for high bristle number, and heterozygous females taken at random, all of which had four bristles in the early part of the experiment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation and Dominance at the Scute Locus in Drosophila Melanogaster

Rendel¹

1959

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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SummaryA genotypic scale, which is additive, has been worked out for variation of scutellar bristle number in D. melamoqaster, sc+ is shown to be partially dominant to scs», the first substitution of SC SC for sc+ having about six times more effect on genotypic value than the second. Canalization at four bristles is responsible for complete dominance of sc+ in stocks whose mean genotypic value gives a mean phenotype of four bristles in sc+ flies. A function converting the phenotypic to the genotypic scale is given which could be used in heritability analysis.

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Canalization of the Scute Phenotype of Drosophila

Cited by 100 publications

References 3 publications

Genotype networks shed light on evolutionary constraints

Genotype networks shed light on evolutionary constraints

Effects of temperature on selection for scutellar Bristles

Variation and Dominance at the Scute Locus in Drosophila Melanogaster

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