Can we observe spontaneous smiles in 1-year-olds?

Kawakami, Fumito; Kawakami, Kiyobumi; Tomonaga, Masaki; Takai-Kawakami, Kiyoko

doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.07.005

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This low (0.012 events/hr) frequency contrasts with the high frequency of smiles recorded in human neonates. The frequency of smiles is 1.6 smiles/hr in apparent REM sleep (no concomitant sleep monitoring) in 5–8‐month‐old foetuses, as observed using ultrasound echography (Kawakami et al., ), 4–30/hr in apparent REM sleep in preterm neonates (Emde & Harmon, ; Messinger et al., ) and 4–19 smiles/hr in full‐term neonates (Kawakami et al., ; Messinger et al., ) (i.e., at least 100 times more frequent than found here in normal adult REM sleep). However, patients with RBD reached a smile/laugh frequency (1.75/hr of REM sleep) close to that of foetuses but lower than that of neonates, suggesting that the frequency difference between neonates and normal adults is likely to be caused (in part) by increased REM sleep atonia during post‐term development.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

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Smiling asleep: A study of happy emotional expressions during adult sleep

Clé

Maranci

Banningh

et al. 2019

Journal of Sleep Research

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Human foetuses and newborns smile first during sleep, before they smile while awake and interacting with caregivers. Whether smiling persists during adult sleep, and expresses inner joy, is yet unknown. Smiles were looked for during night‐time video‐polysomnography combined with electromyography of the zygomatic and orbicularis oculi muscles in 100 controls, 22 patients with sleepwalking and 52 patients with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder. Autonomous reactions (heart rate and level of vasoconstriction) and the presence of rapid eye movements were examined during smiles and laughs. On visual examination of the face video clips synchronous with zygomatic contraction, 8% of controls smiled while asleep (7% in REM sleep and 1% in non‐REM sleep). Some patients with sleepwalking also smiled and laughed during N2 sleep and N3 parasomnia. Half of the patients with REM sleep behaviour disorder smiled and one‐third laughed, mostly during REM sleep. The 173 happy faces included mild smiles (24.8%), open‐mouth smiles (29.5%) and laughs (45.7%). More than half of the smiles were the Duchenne (genuine) type, including an active closure of the eyelids. Approximately half of the smiles and laughs were temporally associated with rapid eye movements. There was no increased heart rate variability during smiles and laughs. Two scenic behaviours including smiles and laughs suggested that the happy facial expression was associated with a happy dreaming scenario. Smiling and laughing occasionally persist during adult sleep. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that these happy emotional expressions reflect a true inner mirth.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Communicative smiles in the presence of the caregiver are observed. In parallel, the frequency of sleep-associated smiles decreases between the third and sixth months, but a few sleeping smiles are observed after 1 year (Kawakami, Kawakami, Tomonaga, & Takai-Kawakami, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

Smiling asleep: A study of happy emotional expressions during adult sleep

Clé

Maranci

Banningh

et al. 2019

Journal of Sleep Research

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“…In addition to the increased likelihood that children at the ages studied here will be sequentially more sophisticated than younger children, the second year of life is likely to involve more child laughter than the first year and the laughter is likely to be more stable (Nwokah, Hsu, Dobrowolska, & Fogel, 1994). Furthermore, in a study of over 30 h of recordings of children between 0;10 and 1;3 Kawakami, Kawakami, Tomonaga, and Takai-Kawakami (2009) could only find one Òspontaneous laughÓ, i.e. a laugh which occurs in the absence of any recognized stimulus, characteristic of neonates and infants and occurring in varying states of alertness including sleep.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Young Children's Use of Laughter After Transgressions

Walker

2013

Research on Language & Social Interaction

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Can very young children deploy laughter interactionally? Using data from video recordings of 52 interactions between six mothers and their young children (ages 1;6-1;11), this paper examines one particular kind of sequence in which interactionallyordered child laughter occurs. In that sequence the young child commits some kind of potential transgression (e.g. breaking wind, standing on objects on the floor or playing in a proscribed location). The childÕs mother then draws attention to the potential transgression in some way (e.g. by admonishing the child, requesting a change to the childÕs behaviour, issuing a particular kind of child-directed gaze), thus treating the childÕs action as constituting a transgression. At some point following the potential transgression, the child laughs. What is shown is that even young children can fit their laughter to the ongoing interactional sequence. It is argued that the childÕs laughter provides for a display of affiliation from the mother.

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“…spontaneous smiling during sleep disappears around the age of 3-6 months or at the time when the social smile develops, but recent studies have shown that spontaneous smiling in sleep can be observed even after the first year (Kawakami et al, 2007(Kawakami et al, , 2009. Emde & Koenig (1969) state that smiles originate in the brainstem.…”

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confidence: 99%