This chapter discusses how previous chapters fill gaps in the literature and how this has implications for academics, readers, and the hip-hop community. Future research needs to be done to understand the current state of hip-hop and its relationship to the broader community. Artists' and listeners' grievances are changing, especially as independent hip-hop artists and listeners are becoming more diverse in terms of their gender, sexuality, and racial and ethnic make up, a new generation of artists and listeners is emerging, technological and media changes are shifting the boundaries between independent and major, and the political and economic context is shifting. All of these changes are likely to have important implications for the potential of indie hip-hop to inspire oppositional consciousness among its listeners. Keywords Cooptation and resistance • Diaspora and glocalization • Music and technology • Old school and new school hip-hop • Millennial generation • Fil-Am hip-hop Independent hip-hop has seen a revival in response to the mass corporatization of its culture in the 1990s (Watkins 2005). Songs such as "Commencement Day" by Blue Scholars (2005) write: "instead, rock the mixtape and Walkman discrete, with the headphones threaded from the pocket through the sleeve, you received education through the music you heard." They demonstrate the resurgence of an indie culture that CHAPTER 5 Conclusions and Implications