Can Vitamin D and L-Cysteine Co-Supplementation Reduce 25(OH)-Vitamin D Deficiency and the Mortality Associated with COVID-19 in African Americans?

Jain, Sushil K.; Parsanathan, Rajesh

doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1789518

Cited by 39 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In this context, vitamin D's dual roles of initially controlling viral replication and later dampening the hyper-inflammation are tantalising. This is consistent with the observation that low levels of vitamin D (or indeed polymorphisms in the VDR) may adversely impact the outcome of patients with COVID-19 [17,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…A review published by Rhodes and colleagues has concluded that there was substantial ecological evidence to correlate vitamin D deficiency with severity of COVID-19 infection [ 27 ]. Jain and colleagues have noted that African Americans with vitamin D deficiencies as well as those with poorer COVID-19 outcomes may stand to benefit from supplementation [ 28 ]. Merzon and colleagues have made similar conclusions in an Israeli population [ 29 ].The above mentioned studies thus suggest that vitamin D supplementation may help patients with COVID-19, despite the web of confounders the recommendations tangle with [ 17 , 30 ].…”

Section: Vitamin D Deficiency and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19

2020

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains a major public health threat in most countries. The causative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and result in mortality in COVID-19 patients. Vitamin D is an immunomodulator hormone with established effectiveness against various upper respiratory infections. Vitamin D can stall hyper-inflammatory responses and expedite healing process of the affected areas, primarily in the lung tissue. Thus, there are ecological and mechanistic reasons to promote exploration of vitamin D action in COVID-19 patients. As no curative drugs are available currently for COVID-19, we feel that the potential of vitamin D to alter the course of disease severity needs to be investigated. Clinical studies may be undertaken to address the value of vitamin D supplementation in deficient, high-risk COVID-19 patients.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Vitamin D Deficiency and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19

2020

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“…Fig. 3 summarizes the proposed effects of the inherited glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene variant and vitamin D deficiency on increased coronavirus (COVID-19) associated morbidity and mortality and the potential benefits of GSH + vitamin D supplementation in lowering inflammation and boosting immunity and thereby protection from COVID-19 [ 116 ]. Compared with whites, the incidences of inherited G6PD deficiency and 25(OH)VD deficiency are markedly higher in the AA population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential link between inherited G6PD deficiency, oxidative stress, and vitamin D deficiency and the racial inequities in mortality associated with COVID-19

Jain

Parsanathan

Levine

et al. 2020

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

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There is a marked variation in mortality risk associated with COVID-19 infection in the general population. Low socioeconomic status and other social determinants have been discussed as possible causes for the higher burden in African American communities compared with white communities. Beyond the social determinants, the biochemical mechanism that predisposes individual subjects or communities to the development of excess and serious complications associated with COVID-19 infection is not clear. Virus infection triggers massive ROS production and oxidative damage. Glutathione (GSH) is essential and protects the body from the harmful effects of oxidative damage from excess reactive oxygen radicals. GSH is also required to maintain the VD-metabolism genes and circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)VD). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is necessary to prevent the exhaustion and depletion of cellular GSH. X-linked genetic G6PD deficiency is common in the AA population and predominantly in males. Acquired deficiency of G6PD has been widely reported in subjects with conditions of obesity and diabetes. This suggests that individuals with G6PD deficiency are vulnerable to excess oxidative stress and at a higher risk for inadequacy or deficiency of 25(OH)VD, leaving the body unable to protect its ‘oxidative immune-metabolic’ physiological functions from the insults of COVID-19. An association between subclinical interstitial lung disease with 25(OH)VD deficiencies and GSH deficiencies has been previously reported. We hypothesize that the overproduction of ROS and excess oxidative damage is responsible for the impaired immunity, secretion of the cytokine storm, and onset of pulmonary dysfunction in response to the COVID-19 infection. The co-optimization of impaired glutathione redox status and excess 25(OH)VD deficiencies has the potential to reduce oxidative stress, boost immunity, and reduce the adverse clinical effects of COVID-19 infection in the AA population.

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“…GSH levels positively correlate with those of active vitamin D ( Jain et al., 2014 ), whose deficiency has been shown to play a detrimental role in COVID-19 ( Grant et al., 2020 ; Jain and Parsanathan, 2020 ; Meltzer et al., 2020 ).…”

Section: Glutathione Levels and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracetamol-Induced Glutathione Consumption: Is There a Link With Severe COVID-19 Illness?

Sestili

Fimognari

2020

Front. Pharmacol.

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COVID-19 pandemic is posing an unprecedented sanitary threat: antiviral and hostdirected medications to treat the disease are urgently needed. A great effort has been paid to find drugs and treatments for hospitalized, severely ill patients. However, medications used for the domiciliary management of early symptoms, notwithstanding their importance, have not been and are not presently regarded with the same attention and seriousness. In analogy with other airways viral infections, COVID-19 patients in the early phase require specific antivirals (still lacking) and non-etiotropic drugs to lower pain, fever, and control inflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol (PAC) are widely used as non-etiotropic agents in common airways viral infections and hence are both theoretically repurposable for COVID-19. However, a warning from some research reports and National Authorities raised NSAIDs safety concerns because of the supposed induction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels (the receptor used by SARS-CoV2 to enter host airways cells), the increased risk of bacterial superinfections and masking of disease symptoms. As a consequence, the use of NSAIDs was, and is still, discouraged while the alternative adoption of paracetamol is still preferred. On the basis of novel data and hypothesis on the possible role of scarce glutathione (GSH) levels in the exacerbation of COVID-19 and of the GSH depleting activity of PAC, this commentary raises the question of whether PAC may be the better choice.

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Can Vitamin D and L-Cysteine Co-Supplementation Reduce 25(OH)-Vitamin D Deficiency and the Mortality Associated with COVID-19 in African Americans?

Cited by 39 publications

References 62 publications

Exploring links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19

Exploring links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19

The potential link between inherited G6PD deficiency, oxidative stress, and vitamin D deficiency and the racial inequities in mortality associated with COVID-19

Paracetamol-Induced Glutathione Consumption: Is There a Link With Severe COVID-19 Illness?

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