Can visiting the site of death be beneficial for bereaved families after terror? A qualitative study of parents’ and siblings’ experiences of visiting Utøya Island after the 2011 Norway terror attack

Kristensen, Pâl; Dyregrov, Kari; Dyregrov, Atle

doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1463795

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…The indication that support from other bereaved parents is helpful is consistent with the literature (Reilly et al, 2008); learning from other bereaved mothers both how to be and how not to be could be understood as vicarious learning (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1995). The findings are also consistent with the conclusions of Kristensen, Dyregrov, and Dyregrov (2018), which indicated that giving a bereaved person the opportunity to return to the site of the death and be provided with more information can increase sensemaking and cognitive clarity. However they concluded that this can also increase experience of distress and therefore a delicate balance is required when offering support (Kristensen et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The findings are also consistent with the conclusions of Kristensen, Dyregrov, and Dyregrov (2018), which indicated that giving a bereaved person the opportunity to return to the site of the death and be provided with more information can increase sensemaking and cognitive clarity. However they concluded that this can also increase experience of distress and therefore a delicate balance is required when offering support (Kristensen et al, 2018). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Understanding mothers’ experiences of positive changes after neonatal death

Waugh

Kiemle

Slade

2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: The death of a neonatal baby has the potential for parents to experience many negative outcomes. Post traumatic growth describes positive personal change from the struggle with a traumatic event. This has not been explored in this context.Objective: This study sought to understand the experiences of mothers whose neonatal baby had died; in particular, whether mothers were able to experience any positive changes in their lives since the death of their baby. The study also sought to explore what factors may have facilitated or prevented these changes.Method: Ten mothers were recruited, whose baby had died in the neonatal period between two and 10 years previously. Mothers completed semi-structured, one-to-one interviews. Interview transcripts were analysed using Template Analysis.Results: Despite ongoing sadness, mothers recognized positive personal changes in their self-perception, relationships and life philosophy which were consistent with the post-traumatic growth model. Mothers also identified facilitators and barriers to these changes which were categorized into five themes: ‘Person-centred care’, ‘making sense’, ‘personal coping strategies’, ‘learning to live with it’ and ‘identity’.Conclusions: This study identified that the mothers made a conscious personal decision to cope with their experience. This is a unique finding which requires further exploration. Facilitators and barriers of growth both occurred as elements within the same five themes, indicating that all identified domains before and after the death have the potential to facilitate or to prevent personal growth. Importantly, these findings indicate that person-centred services, which are responsive to individual needs at all stages, are vital when providing maternity care in the context of loss.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Understanding mothers’ experiences of positive changes after neonatal death

Waugh

Kiemle

Slade

2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…Integrating the perspectives of both parents and siblings (age range 15–61), Kristensen, Dyregrov, and Dyregrov ( 2017 ) address the vital question whether visiting the site of death after terror can be beneficial for bereaved families. They interviewed 38 relatives bereaved by the 2011 terror attack in Norway.…”

Section: Overview Of This Special Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Traumatic loss: Mental health consequences and implications for treatment and prevention

Boelen

Olff

Smid

2019

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Traumatic loss involves the loss of loved ones in the context of potentially traumatizing circumstances and is a commonly reported traumatic event. It may give rise to disturbed grief, called prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in ICD-11 and persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD) in DSM-5, combined with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. The recent inclusion of grief disorders in both DSM-5 and ICD-11 have spurred research on griefrelated psychopathology. This special issue on traumatic loss includes 10 articles and two letters. Topics addressed include diagnostic criteria for PGD, children's perspectives on life after parental intimate partner homicide, and the impact of visiting the site of deaths caused by terror. Early indicators of problematic grief trajectories are addressed, as well as moderators and mediators of disordered grief, including coping strategies, rumination, and meaning-making. Further, a meta-analysis synthesizing research findings on correlates of disturbed grief following traumatic loss is presented. Finally, specialized treatments as Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for grief are addressed, and predictors of treatment response for CBT for PGD including levels of self-blame and avoidance are scrutinized. As such, the articles included in this special issue increase our understanding of the needs of people confronted with traumatic loss and bring promising findings with regard to diagnosis, prevention, and specialized treatment in children, young people and adults. This article also introduces a hypothetical staging, profiling, and stepped care model which may offer a template to integrate existing and emerging research findings on possible courses and correlates of grief, in order to inform treatment decisions.

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“…Three key themes emerged as to what as they considered important with the visit: Seeing the actual place of death, seeking actual information, and learning to know the island. 49,50 It came as a surprise that the prevalence of prolonged grief disorders among close friends of the killed youths was nearly as high as among the parents and the siblings. 51 The finding indicated that when it comes to defining who should be considered at risk among the bereaved, close friends of the deceased ought to be included.…”

Section: The Intervention Model For the Survivors Of The Massacre Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial intervention models and outcomes after a terror disaster

Weisæth

2020

CNS Spectr.

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On July 22, 2011, a car bomb blast in the government quarter in Oslo killed 8, injured 209 of the 350 employees who were at work, and destroyed 1700 of the 3500 work places in the ministries. Shortly afterward, the terrorist killed 69 adolescents and young adults and injured another 110 of the 495 survivors at a summer camp on an island outside Oslo, organized by the Youth League of the ruling Labor Party. The paper describes the two disaster models that were applied in providing the preventive and therapeutic psychosocial interventions: the company/organization model for the governmental employees and a combined community and organization model for the victims of the massacre and their families. Some of the findings from the longitudinal research and outreach programs that were conducted are reported.

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Can visiting the site of death be beneficial for bereaved families after terror? A qualitative study of parents’ and siblings’ experiences of visiting Utøya Island after the 2011 Norway terror attack

Abstract: Dyregrov (2017) Can visiting the site of death be beneficial for bereaved families after terror? A qualitative study of parents' and siblings' experiences of visiting Utøya Island after the 2011 Norway terror attack,

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Understanding mothers’ experiences of positive changes after neonatal death

Understanding mothers’ experiences of positive changes after neonatal death

Traumatic loss: Mental health consequences and implications for treatment and prevention

Psychosocial intervention models and outcomes after a terror disaster

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