Can transit investments in low-income neighbourhoods increase transit use? Exploring the nexus of income, car-ownership, and transit accessibility in Toronto

Barri, Elnaz Yousefzadeh; Farber, Steven; Kramer, Anna; Jahanshahi, Hadi; Allen, Jeff; Beyazit, Eda

doi:10.1016/j.trd.2021.102849

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…We control for several socioeconomic and traffic-related indicators as well as access to the mobile technologies provided by the city that might affect the citizens' use of public transit [23,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. These social and economic indicators include per capita GDP, GDP growth rate, population density, number of employees, and number of registered unemployed individuals.…”

Section: Explanatory Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The indicators per capita GDP , population density, number of employees, and GDP growth rate are related to the regional urbanisation level. NPTO it measures the number of public transit in city i during year t, and PCO it measures the private car ownership of city i during year t. Previous research has shown that the number of public transit and private car ownership significantly influence public transit usage [48, 49]. NT i t measures the number of taxis in city i during year t. Previous research has shown that the number of taxis significantly influences public transit usage [50].…”

Section: Empirical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of ride‐hailing services on public transit usage in China's small‐ and medium‐sized cities: A synthetic control method analysis

Zhong,

Zhou,

Lin

et al. 2024

IET Smart Cities

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With the recent advances in smartphones and Internet technologies, ride‐hailing services (such as Uber and Didi) have emerged and changed the travel modes that residents use. An important issue within this area is how ride‐hailing services influence public transit usage. The majority of the research regarding this topic has focused on situations in large cities and has not reached a unanimous consensus among scholars. In particular, the role of ride‐hailing services in small‐ and medium‐sized cities may be different from the role of these services in large cities. In this paper, we choose 22 small‐ and medium‐sized cities in China as samples with a research time window spanning from 2011 to 2016 to examine the impact of the introduction of ride‐hailing services on public transit usage. The results of the synthetic control method, as well as other robustness checks, show that (1) the introduction of ride‐hailing services to China's small‐ and medium‐sized cities significantly increases public transit usage; (2) the effect of the introduction of ride‐hailing services on public transit usage in small‐ and medium‐sized cities is “proactive” for approximately 1 year; and (3) the positive effect of ride‐hailing services on public transit usage in small‐ and medium‐sized cities weakens over time. This study enriches the literature on the impact of ride‐hailing services on the urban transportation system by specifically taking small‐ and medium‐sized cities as the research scope. The above findings are of great significance to the urban transport department's formulation of ride‐hailing policies and the operation layout of public transit operators in small‐ and medium‐sized cities.

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Section: Explanatory Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Empirical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of ride‐hailing services on public transit usage in China's small‐ and medium‐sized cities: A synthetic control method analysis

Zhong,

Zhou,

Lin

et al. 2024

IET Smart Cities

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…COVID-19 changed lives worldwide, and many now work from home, but they tend to be male, educated, older, and better paid [68]. With lower-income residents needing to get to jobs, improving transit is an option, but individuals in lower-income households do not take transit if they have a car [69]. The neighborhoods where the majority of the lower-income ethnic-minority residents live have the highest rates of mobile source air pollution [70].…”

Section: Literature Related To Recharging At the New Green Book-ident...mentioning

confidence: 99%

If the Government Pays for Full Home-Charger Installation, Would Affordable-Housing and Middle-Income Residents Buy Electric Vehicles?

Lusk

Liu

2023

Sustainability

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With climate change and inequities, this study assessed the willingness of affordable-housing and middle-income residents to buy an electric vehicle (EV) if they had a charging station at their home, the likelihood of buying an EV in 2 years, ideal charger locations, and payment preferences for installation. The new Green Books revealed charger opportunities. Volunteers completed paper surveys in Brookline, MA, in an affordable housing complex (n = 37) and a middle-income neighborhood (n = 128) (Total n = 165). Brookline is unique because drivers cannot leave their cars curbside overnight, and local historic districts (LHDs) require aesthetic charger-installations. Descriptive statistics (yes + likely) revealed that affordable housing (70%) and middle-income (65%) respondents would lease or buy a secondhand EV if they had a charging station where they park their car at their home. Affordable housing (43%) and middle-income (38%) respondents were more neutral about buying an EV in the next 2 years. The preferred charger location was the side of the house (44%) or a post by the driveway (38%). Preferred cost-for-installation included government reimbursement (47%) and tax deduction (41%). Data analysis combined affordable housing and middle-income responses and showed no significant differences for gender, significant differences for individuals 76 years and older, and minor differences for income. To inform individuals in the pre-contemplation phase, Black-owned businesses in the new Green Books could seek government funding for off-road chargers. While EV technology will improve, land is limited, so chargers should not displace climate-responsive bicyclists in curbside protected bike lanes. Following this study, governments and academics could pilot full funding of home charger installations to involve affordable housing and middle-income residents in this climate change solution, study details of these adopters, and develop worldwide policies to lessen greenhouse gas emissions.

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“…They were developed with little regard for the environment or the experiences and needs of many people. This has created a climate crisis, situations of transportation poverty, suburbanization of poverty, forced car ownership, and transit captive neighbourhoods that disproportionately and in interlocking ways affect people based on race, age, class, ability, and gender (Ades et al, 2016;Allen & Farber, 2019;Barri et al, 2021;Hosseini & Stefaniec, 2023;Sheller & Urry, 2006).…”

Section: A Feminist Perspective Emphasizing Non-work Travelmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Will It Take to Make Non-Work Trips Sustainable? A Feminist Analysis of Transitions in Transportation Policies and Practice

Smith

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Many cities appear to be on the precipice of extraordinary change to meet the growing and interconnected challenges of climate change, housing need, inadequate transportation networks and social inequality. In this case study of Ottawa, Canada, the policies of the municipal government and responses from residents are examined to understand how they support or restrict transformative change to mobility, particularly with regard to non-work travel. The analysis, applying theories of sustainability transitions, finds limited signs of innovation and exnovation while overall lacking recognition of the necessity and urgency of changing the transportation status quo. This timid approach is reflected in interviews with residents and their responses to policy implementation. The findings of this research suggest that to shift mobility practices, there is a need to create momentum towards sustainable mobility and away from automobility.iii Acknowledgements My work and life are inspired in so many ways by my children Freddie and Joanna. I am fuelled by the desire to do the best I can for them and for their future. Thank you for making time for me to work on the computer, for joining me on walks and bike rides in these neighbourhoods, and for continuing to show me new ways of seeing the world. Thank you to my partner Brent who not only made time and space for me to pursue this new direction while supporting our family and helping raise two young children but encouraged me every step of the way. Thank you to my extended family, who also supported my pursuits, cared for our children, and remind me about different lived experiences. I also want to thank the wonderful women who cared for my children over this period: Fareha, Silvia, Debbie, Janka, Laura, Claudette, Shannon, and Mehri. I am thankful for the support and encouragement of my supervisor, Pablo Mendez. This project reached in many directions, and Pablo asked thoughtful questions, made helpful suggestions, and ensured that I didn't veer too far off course. I don't think I truly understood the complexity of designing, executing, and writing an independent research project like this, and your guidance and collaboration were instrumental to this thesis. Sheryl-Ann Simpson asked me many vital questions and pushed me to think in new or different ways. As a committee member, and as a course instructor, her contributions to this project were valuable. Other members of the Carleton community also contributed to my ways of thinking and writing about these topics and this project particularly David Hugill, Derek Mueller, Alexis Shotwell, and the Carleton Urban Geography Lab.Lastly, I am grateful to those who participated in interviews for this research and shared their stories and time with me. They were thoughtful, candid, and eager to share their experiences which was essential to the success of this project.

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Can transit investments in low-income neighbourhoods increase transit use? Exploring the nexus of income, car-ownership, and transit accessibility in Toronto

Cited by 22 publications

References 40 publications

The effect of ride‐hailing services on public transit usage in China's small‐ and medium‐sized cities: A synthetic control method analysis

The effect of ride‐hailing services on public transit usage in China's small‐ and medium‐sized cities: A synthetic control method analysis

If the Government Pays for Full Home-Charger Installation, Would Affordable-Housing and Middle-Income Residents Buy Electric Vehicles?

What Will It Take to Make Non-Work Trips Sustainable? A Feminist Analysis of Transitions in Transportation Policies and Practice

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