Can the urban poor reach their jobs? Evaluating equity effects of relocation and public transport projects in Ahmedabad, India

Access or Accessibility? A Critique of the Urban Transport SDG Indicator

“…The findings from Bogotá are not necessarily transferable to other cities, which have different spatial and socio-economic arrangements. The aggregation of indicator values against socio-economic strata as shown in Table 4 might give more mixed results in other contexts, e.g., in some of the major Indian cities like Ahmedabad, where large pockets of low income population can be found in and around city centers, close to employment [49]. Table 5 provides a summary overview of the three indicators and some key characteristics.…”

“…In the development of a potential accessibility indicator we choose employment as the main activity at the destination, as employment trips are necessary trips for a large part of the population and are often applied in accessibility indicators (see, e.g., [18,32,41,49]). Also, in Bogotá, employment is the most reported trip purpose.…”

“…Gravity-based measures discount jobs that are further away, because nearby jobs are more attractive [15,18,48,49]. However, the development of distance decay curves in the gravity-based approach is a somewhat cumbersome and often not very transparent process, as data need to be fitted to a mathematical representation.…”

A Study on Social Integration After Collective Relocation Projects for Poverty Alleviation in China (Part 1): Focusing on Social and Spatial Isolation

“…These two dimensions indicate relocation intensity, which is the re-settler's involvement degree in the relocation project. White 26) recommended clustering to indicate the spatial layout by describing the average spatial proximity of all residents regardless of group (Ptt). As for centralization, Duncan's proposed relative centralization index (RCE) 20) showed their proximities to the center to indicate the two groups' relative locations.…”

Urban displacement and resettlement towards facilitating stakeholder participation

“…Proximity to public transport facilities such as bus stops and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridors is, in general, claimed to be an essential criterion to ensure accessibility to services and workplaces within cities. However, relocating the urban poor close to BRT stops does not always contribute to equitable accessibility because they might not be able to afford the bus tickets (Brussel, Zuidgeest, Bosch, & Munshi, 2019). In their study in Ahmedabad, India, Brussel et al (2019) argued that to achieve equity in accessibility for the urban poor, it is rather essential to consider other transport modes such as cycling.…”