Can the Pathophysiology of Autism be Explained by the Nature of the Discovered Urine Peptides?

Reichelt, Karl L.; Knivsberg, Ann‐Mari

doi:10.1080/1028415021000042839

Cited by 98 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…hDPPIV regulates various physiological processes including immune system, endocrine functions, central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and cell adhesion. The enzyme removes dipeptides from N-terminus of regulatory peptides such as chemokines, neuropeptides and peptide hormones (Reichelt et al 1981;Shattock et al 1990; Urade et al 2006;Iwaki-Egawa et al 1998;Mentlein 1999;Brudnak 2001;Brudnak et al 2002;Langford 2003;Lambeir et al 2002;Reichelt and Knivsberg 2003;Aertgeerts et al 2004;Reinhold et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of the effects of transfection with baculovirus on Sf9 cell line and expression of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV

et al. 2013

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Human dipeptidylpeptidase IV (hDPPIV) is an enzyme that is in hydrolase class and has various roles in different parts of human body. Its deficiency may cause some disorders in the gastrointestinal, neurologic, endocrinological and immunological systems of humans. In the present study, hDPPIV enzyme was expressed on Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cell lines as a host cell, and the expression of hDPPIV was obtained by a baculoviral expression system. The enzyme production, optimum multiplicity of infection, optimum transfection time, infected and uninfected cell size and cell behavior during transfection were also determined. For maximum hDPPIV (269 mU mL -1 ) enzyme, optimum multiplicity of infection (MOI) and time were 0.1 and 72 h, respectively. The size of infected cells increased significantly (P \ 0.001) after 24 h post infection. The results indicated that Sf9 cell line was applicable to the large scale for hDPPIV expression by using optimized parameters (infection time and MOI) because of its high productivity (4.03 mU m L -1 h -1 ).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of the effects of transfection with baculovirus on Sf9 cell line and expression of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV

et al. 2013

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“…There is, however, no a priori reason why A1 b-casein, putatively causing LDL oxidation and the laying down of fatty plaque, would necessarily lead to increased serum cholesterol. There have also been human trials investigating the effect of BCM-7 from ingested milk in relation to the symptoms of autism and schizophrenia (Cade et al, 2000;Knivsberg et al, 2001;Reichelt and Knivsberg, 2003). The evidence strongly indicates that people with impaired intestinal systems ('leaky gut syndrome') are susceptible to absorption of BCM-7 into the blood system, and from there across the blood/brain barrier, leading to symptoms of autism and schizophrenia.…”

Section: Human Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critique of Truswell's A2 milk review

Woodford

2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Truswell's recent review of the A1/A2 milk hypothesis in this journal (Truswell, 2005) is very clear in its conclusion that 'there is no convincing or even probable evidence that the A1 b-casein of cow milk has any adverse effects in humans'. The basis on which this conclusion is reached needs scrutiny.There are seven strands off evidence relevant to the A1/A2 hypothesis: epidemiology, milk chemistry, pharmacology, animal experiments, human trials, clinical observations, and consumer experiences. It is the totality of these seven strands that makes the A2 hypothesis so intriguing.

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“…Alternatively, the urinary peptide concentration can be used as a marker for the intestinal permeability. The more peptides are found in the urine, the more permeable the intestinal membrane [97]. It is worth noting that the urinary peptide concentration is a marker for functioning of peptidases such as DPP4 as well.…”

Section: Altered Intestinal Permeability In People With Autism Spectrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2015

HCIIN

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There is a rising interest in the use of dietary interventions to ameliorate prevalent brain diseases, including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Nowadays, the existence of communication between gut and brain is well accepted and thus diet can influence brain functioning. A well-known nutrition based intervention for ASD is the gluten-free and casein-free diet. However, only some of the patients experience a relief in symptoms and thus efficacy seems to be limited to certain phenotypes. However, not much is known about the mechanism of action through which this diet might work, or about interpersonal differences that could lead to variation in response to the diet. Current evidence for efficacy of the GFCF diet is poor. Large scale, good quality randomized controlled trials are needed. Genetic and environmentally induced interpersonal differences were found in intestinal membrane permeability and blood brain barrier integrity as well as in activity of peptidase enzymes. These differences probably affect responsiveness to the diet. In addition, age and duration of the dietary intervention play a role in the efficacy of the gluten-free and casein-free diet. This is the reason why all these factors need to be taken into account to give appropriate advice about whether or not to follow this diet.Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Casein-free; Casomorphin; Diet; Gluten-free; Intervention; Opioid; Peptides; Permeability Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder with Gluten-free and Casein-free Diet: The underlying Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis MechanismsCitation: Cieślińska A, Kostyra E, Savelkoul HFJ (2017) Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder with • (GFCF) diet is strongly promoted while there are additional diets without salicylates and phenols, and anti-candida diets since many ASD patients are affected by this yeast [17]. However, so far it has been difficult to prove the effectiveness of this diet in all patients [10,18]. Limited information is available on the underlying mechanism as well as explanatory factors of differences in response to the GFCF diet. Here, we focus on the mechanism of action underlying this dietary intervention as well as the origin of differences in response to the GFCF diet. Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet Might Alleviate Autism Spectrum Disorder SymptomsPeople with ASD are often in need of intensive care and guidance, leading to loss of parental productivity and high emotional and economic costs [8,19]. Therefore it is important to investigate potential treatments that alleviate the symptoms or preferably cure the disease. So far, sometimes life long, educational and behavioral interventions are used, although these therapies have limited efficacy for ASD [6,20]. Currently, there is growing interest in nutritional interventions for this disorder and there are promising mechanisms underlying the putative success of such interventions [19].In 1983 it was suggested that gluten and casein containing products could cause autism-like symptoms by altering the functioning of the brain. It was propo...

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Can the Pathophysiology of Autism be Explained by the Nature of the Discovered Urine Peptides?

Cited by 98 publications

References 69 publications

Monitoring of the effects of transfection with baculovirus on Sf9 cell line and expression of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV

Monitoring of the effects of transfection with baculovirus on Sf9 cell line and expression of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV

A critique of Truswell's A2 milk review

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