“…We contend that social movements do not necessarily belong to the former or latter group but rather create hybrids across both. In some instances, like the well-studied tenant unions in Spain, social movements often start as more radical platforms contesting foreclosures or evictions before they eventually grow in size and significance, become institutionalized and change their activist repertoires from social actions to proposing, legalizing and enforcing housing policy and other regulations (Gil and Palomera 2024;González Guzmán 2024). In other cases, otherwise conventional non-profit housing associations or mission-oriented land community trusts stand out as radical social experiments.…”