Can soaps act as fomites in hospitals?

Kotigadde, Subbannayya; Bhat, Ganesh; Junu, VG; Shetty, Shricharith; Jisho, M. G.

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.06.024

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…It was also considerably higher than previously reported from LMIC which was—when intrinsic contamination and low counts of staphylococci were subtracted—between 0 and 17.1% [ 9 ]. The reasons for the presently high contamination ratio are probably an interplay of multiple factors conducive to contamination (see below) in a setting with fewer resources compared to the previously published articles which originated from higher income level countries in Southern and Western Asia [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Hand Hygiene Products in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals in West Africa—A Cross-Sectional Survey

et al. 2023

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Antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products can act as reservoirs of Gram-negative bacteria causing healthcare-associated infections. This problem is rarely documented in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In a cross-sectional survey, we assessed the bacterial contamination of antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products in two university hospitals in Burkina Faso and Benin. During ward visits and staff interviews, in-use products were cultured for the presence of Gram-negative bacteria. The growth of Gram-negative bacteria was absent or rare in alcohol-based products, povidone iodine, and Dakin solution. Contamination was highest (73.9% (51/69)) for liquid soap products (versus antiseptic/disinfectants (4.5%, 7/157) (p < 0.0001)), mostly used in high-risk areas and associated with high total bacterial counts (>10000 colony-forming units/mL). Contaminating flora (105 isolates) included Enterobacterales and the Vibrio non-cholerae/Aeromonas group (17.1%) and non-fermentative Gram-negative rods (82.8%). Multidrug resistance was present among 9/16 Enterobacterales (Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp.) and 3/12 Acinetobacter spp., including carbapenem resistance (Acinetobacter baumannii: NDM, Pseudomonas stutzeri: VIM). The risk factors for contamination included the type of product (cleaning grade and in-house prepared liquid soap), use of recycled disposable containers and soft drink bottles, absence of labeling, topping-up of containers, dilution with tap water (pharmacy and ward), and poor-quality management (procurement, stock management, expiry dates, and period after opening).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Hand Hygiene Products in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals in West Africa—A Cross-Sectional Survey

et al. 2023

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“…Some papers discuss the role of soaps as fomites in hospital infections. [24][25][26] Furthermore, several works on microbial degradation of hydrocarbons demonstrated how some bacterial species of the Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Enterobacter genera are unaffected by surfactants and, notably, they can even exploit soap as carbon source. [27][28][29] On the basis of the microbiological findings about the toys seized in Italy, the samples we processed, and the international notifications, we believe we have confirmed widespread microbial contamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child toy safety: An interdisciplinary approach to unravel the microbiological hazard posed by soap bubbles

Amoruso

Bertoncello

Caravello

et al. 2015

J Public Health Pol

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In 2012 some children developed sepsis after playing together with a soap bubble toy. Microbiological testing revealed heavy contamination of the soap solution, which reasonably represented the vehicle of infection. We investigated the issue with a multidisciplinary approach: review of toy safety legislation; microbiological testing of additional samples; query of the RAPEX database for non-compliant soap bubbles; identification of major manufacturing districts. Microbiological contamination of industrial soap bubbles was widespread. Sixty-three notifications of batches contaminated by environmental microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens had been reported. The Chinese had a virtual monopoly of the soap bubble market. We identified two main manufacturing districts in Guangdong Province, both notable for degradation of their water resources. The use of untreated water for the industrial production of soap bubbles may explain the bacterial contamination. Existing legislation provides an unsatisfactory approach for managing microbiological hazards in sensitive toy categories and for identifying responsible parties in import and export of the products.

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“…When bar soap is used, small bars of soap in racks that facilitate drainage should be used to allow the bars to dry (II). 265,266,640,[1012][1013][1014][1015]…”

Section: Hand Hygiene Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Handwashing Practice among Elementary Schoolchildren in Urban Setting, Mongolia: A School‐Based Cross‐Sectional Survey

Enkhbat

Ganchimeg

Erdenee

et al. 2022

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. ICONTENTS CONTENTS PART I. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC DATA RELATED TO HAND HYGIENE * Hand hygiene before and after the procedure. ** Clean non-sterile gloves. Pocket bottle with clip Pocket bottle Why have there been increasing numbers of cases in certain countries recently?Clean Care is Safer Care:

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Can soaps act as fomites in hospitals?

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Growth of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Hand Hygiene Products in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals in West Africa—A Cross-Sectional Survey

Growth of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Hand Hygiene Products in Two Tertiary Care Hospitals in West Africa—A Cross-Sectional Survey

Child toy safety: An interdisciplinary approach to unravel the microbiological hazard posed by soap bubbles

Handwashing Practice among Elementary Schoolchildren in Urban Setting, Mongolia: A School‐Based Cross‐Sectional Survey

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