Can resting heart rate explain the heart rate and parasympathetic responses during rest, exercise, and recovery?

Abstract

The effect of resting heart rate (RHR) on the heart rate (HR) dynamics and parasympathetic modulation at rest, exercise, and recovery remain to be clarified. This study compares HR and parasympathetic responses at rest, during submaximal exercise testing and recovery in young, physically active men with different RHR average values. HR and parasympathetic responses were compared between two groups: bradycardia group–RHR < 60 bpm (BG, n = 20) and normocardia group–RHR ≥ 60 ≤ 100 bpm (NG, n = 20). A Polar RS800® was used to record the RR-interval series and HR at rest in the supine position, following the postural change (from supine to orthostatic position) and in the orthostatic position for 5 minutes, as well as during and after a submaximal exercise testing. Statistical analysis employed the MANOVA, Mann-Whitney, and Simple Linear regression test with a two-tailed p-value set at ≤ 0.05. BG at rest showed lower HR in the orthostatic position, higher parasympathetic activity in the supine and orthostatic positions, and higher parasympathetic reactivity than NG (p ≤ 0.01) after the postural change. BG before exercise showed lower HR and higher values of the chronotropic reserve and parasympathetic withdrawal than NG (p ≤ 0.01) throughout the exercise. Following the exercise, BG showed higher values of HR recovery (HRR) and parasympathetic reactivation in the 3rd and 5th minutes of recovery than NG (p ≤ 0.01). Lastly, the RHR can explain the variance of the HR at rest, during exercise testing, and recovery from 11 to 48%. We concluded that BG (RHR < 60 bpm) showed higher chronotropic and parasympathetic modulation at rest, higher chronotropic reserve, parasympathetic withdrawal during the submaximal exercise test, and faster HRR and parasympathetic reactivation after effort in young physically active men.

Post-exercise heart rate recovery and its speed are associated with resting-reactivity cardiovagal modulation in healthy women

“…This maneuver shows the shift (reactivity) in cardiac autonomic balance by reducing cardiovagal activity and enhancing sympathetic activity in variable degrees according to the resting activity condition 10 , 11 . Both HRV analyses can bring essential and complementary information related to the individual's cardiac autonomic control 12 , 13 .…”

Assessment of Cardio-Respiratory Relationship during and after Exercise in Healthy Recreative Male Subjects: A Pilot Study

“…Furthermore, inconsistent results are obtained, because various studies employ different protocols and modalities of physical activity, as well as its duration and intensity. Also, body posture in experimental protocols should not be neglected [9].…”

“…Immediate changes following physical activity are of special interest as the reactivation of parasympathetic activity occurs and sympathetic activity slowly withdraws. Although the recovery period is interpreted as a reverse process in relation to exercise, the particular timeframe and the rate by which all parameters return to baseline values are of importance, as this might be indicative of low autonomous "reserve" in a person or dysautonomia [9,13]. In a healthy population, the timeframe for returning the values of these parameters to pre-exercise levels, as well as the parasympathetic response after exercise, depend on numerous factors, both in terms of chronic exposure to harmful external environmental conditions and experimentally induced acute internal non-pathological states, e.g., in hypoxia through high-altitude simulation [14][15][16].…”

Функциональное Состояние И Адаптационные Резервы Организма Студентов В Зависимости Типа Вегетативной Регуляции

“…Ортостатическая проба выступает объективным методом оценки реактивности парасимпатического отдела ВНС и определения эффективности механизмов регуляции в ответ на минимальную нагрузку -физический стресс-стимул для организма (Шлык, 2015;Михайлов, 2017;Garcia et al, 2022) Результаты нашего исследования показывают, что у студентов четвертой группы для обеспечения регуляции сердечной деятельности (барорефлекторной функции поддержания кровяного давления) отмечается более выраженная активация гуморально-метаболического контура регуляции: VLF-компонент в относительном выражении у студентов четвертой группы увеличивается в два раза больше по сравнению со студентами третьей группы. При этом у лиц четвертой группы отмечается наибольшая выраженность динамики показателей при АОП, что может свидетельствовать о большей активированности и энергобеспечении элементарной физической стресс-деятельности организма.…”

“…В то же время исследования Гарсия и др. (Garcia et al, 2022) констатировали, что ваготонический тип регуляции по сравнению в нормотониками показал более высокую хронотропную и парасимпатическую модуляцию в покое, более высокий хронотропный резерв, парасимпатическое «отключение» во время теста с субмаксимальной нагрузкой и более быструю реактивацию ЧСС и парасимпатической реактивации после усилий у молодых физически активных мужчин.…”